中国的自然资源管理，特别是森林、草原和湿地的管理，经历了长期的发展和变革。从早期林业部门的设立，到国家林业和草原局的成立，这一过程不仅反映了对自然资源保护和管理理念的变化，也揭示了我国在生态保护和可持续发展方面的努力。

　　China's natural resource management, especially the management of forests, grasslands, and wetlands, has undergone long-term development and transformation. From the establishment of early forestry departments to the establishment of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, this process not only reflects changes in the concept of natural resource protection and management, but also reveals China's efforts in ecological protection and sustainable development.

　　01森林资源管理

　　01 Forest Resource Management

　　我国的森林资源管理经历了较为复杂的发展过程。1949年10月，设立中央人民政府林垦部，管理全国林业经营和林政工作。1951年，林垦部更名为林业部，其所管辖的垦务工作移交给农业部负责。1956年，成立森林工业部。1958年，林业部和森林工业部合并为林业部。同时，扩大地方权限，下放森工企业管理权，省营林业与森工体制合二为一，组成地方林业厅。1970年，林业部与农业部、水产部合并成立农林部。1978年，成立国家林业总局。1979年，农林部撤销，成立农业部和林业部。1997年，林业部改为国家林业局，对森林资源采用条块结合的管理体制，东北、内蒙古、西南大片国有林区的森林资源，由国家林业局为主进行管理；其他森林资源则由省、地、县人民政府负责管理。2018年成立国家林业和草原局，由新组建的自然资源部管理（图1）。

　　The management of forest resources in our country has undergone a complex development process. In October 1949, the Forestry Reclamation Department of the Central People's Government was established to manage forestry management and forestry administration work nationwide. In 1951, the Ministry of Forestry was renamed as the Ministry of Forestry, and the reclamation work under its jurisdiction was transferred to the Ministry of Agriculture. In 1956, the Ministry of Forest Industry was established. In 1958, the Ministry of Forestry and the Ministry of Forest Industry merged to form the Ministry of Forestry. At the same time, local authorities will be expanded, the management rights of forestry enterprises will be delegated, and the provincial forestry and forestry system will be merged to form a local forestry department. In 1970, the Ministry of Forestry merged with the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries to form the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. In 1978, the State Forestry Administration was established. In 1979, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry was abolished and replaced by the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Forestry. In 1997, the Ministry of Forestry was renamed as the State Forestry Administration, which adopted a management system that combines sections and blocks for forest resources. Forest resources in large state-owned forest areas in Northeast, Inner Mongolia, and Southwest China were mainly managed by the State Forestry Administration; Other forest resources are managed by provincial, prefectural, and county governments. The National Forestry and Grassland Administration was established in 2018 and is managed by the newly formed Ministry of Natural Resources (Figure 1).

　　改革前，森林资源管理职责主要在国家林业局，负责全国林业及其生态建设的监督管理，组织、协调、指导和监督全国造林绿化工作，承担森林资源保护发展和监督管理的职责，负责林业系统自然保护区的监督管理，承担推进林业改革，维护农民经营林业合法权益的职责，监督检查各产业对森林资源的开发利用等。指导国有林场（苗圃）、森林公园和基层林业工作机构的建设和管理。

　　Before the reform, the main responsibility for forest resource management was the State Forestry Administration, which was responsible for the supervision and management of national forestry and ecological construction, organizing, coordinating, guiding, and supervising afforestation and greening work, undertaking the responsibility of forest resource protection, development, and supervision and management, supervising and managing natural protected areas in the forestry system, promoting forestry reform, safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of farmers in forestry management, and supervising and inspecting the development and utilization of forest resources by various industries. Guide the construction and management of state-owned forest farms (nurseries), forest parks, and grassroots forestry work institutions.

　　02草原资源管理

　　02 Grassland Resource Management

　　我国的草原资源管理职能长期放在农业、农牧部门，经历了由以家畜为重向以草原生态为重的转变。1949年10月，政务院设立农业部。1970年，撤销农业部、林业部和水产部，设农林部。1979年，撤销农林部，分设农业部和林业部。1982年，将农业部、农垦部、国家水产总局合并设立农牧渔业部。1988年，撤销农牧渔业部，成立农业部，全国草原监督管理工作仍然由农业部主管。2018年划归新成立的国家林业和草原局管理，该局由自然资源部管理（图2）。

　　The management function of grassland resources in our country has long been placed in the agriculture and animal husbandry departments, and has undergone a transformation from focusing on livestock to focusing on grassland ecology. In October 1949, the State Council established the Ministry of Agriculture. In 1970, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries were abolished and replaced by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. In 1979, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry was abolished and divided into the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Forestry. In 1982, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Land Reclamation, and the State Administration of Fisheries were merged to establish the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, and Fisheries. In 1988, the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries was abolished and replaced by the Ministry of Agriculture. The supervision and management of grasslands across the country remained under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Agriculture. In 2018, it was placed under the management of the newly established National Forestry and Grassland Administration, which is managed by the Ministry of Natural Resources (Figure 2).

　　改革前，草原资源管理职责主要在农业部，负责草原资源的保护和管理工作。

　　Before the reform, the responsibility for grassland resource management was mainly entrusted to the Ministry of Agriculture, which was responsible for the protection and management of grassland resources.

　　03湿地资源管理

　　03 Wetland Resource Management

　　1992年我国加入《湿地公约》，国务院明确由林业部负责组织、协调履约工作，国家层面建立了林业部门牵头组织协调国土资源、农业、水利、建设和海洋等部门分部门实施的湿地保护管理体制。1997年，国务院机构改革之后，由国家林业局负责牵头湿地保护工作。2005年，中编办批准成立了中华人民共和国国际湿地公约履约办公室（国家林业局湿地保护管理中心）。2007年，国务院批准成立中国履行湿地公约国家委员会。根据国务院2008年批准的“三定”规定，国家林业局负责组织、协调、指导和监督全国湿地保护工作，有关部门按照职责分工，分别负责湿地保护相关工作。2018年，明确由成立的国家林业和草原局管理，并在国家林业和草原局内设立了湿地管理司（图3）。

　　In 1992, China joined the Convention on Wetlands, and the State Council clearly designated the Ministry of Forestry as responsible for organizing and coordinating the implementation of the Convention. At the national level, the forestry department took the lead in organizing and coordinating the implementation of wetland protection and management systems by departments such as land and resources, agriculture, water conservancy, construction, and ocean. After the institutional reform of the State Council in 1997, the National Forestry Administration was responsible for leading wetland protection work. In 2005, the Central Compilation and Translation Office approved the establishment of the Office for the Implementation of the International Convention on Wetlands of the People's Republic of China (Wetland Protection and Management Center of the State Forestry Administration). In 2007, the State Council approved the establishment of the National Committee for the Implementation of the Convention on Wetlands in China. According to the "Three Determinations" approved by the State Council in 2008, the State Forestry Administration is responsible for organizing, coordinating, guiding, and supervising wetland protection work nationwide. Relevant departments are responsible for wetland protection related work according to their respective responsibilities. In 2018, it was explicitly managed by the established National Forestry and Grassland Administration, and a Wetland Management Department was established within the National Forestry and Grassland Administration (Figure 3).

　　改革前，湿地资源管理职责主要分布在国家林业局和农业部。国家林业局主要负责组织、协调、指导和监督全国湿地保护工作，包括负责组织、协调

　　Before the reform, the responsibility for wetland resource management was mainly distributed between the State Forestry Administration and the Ministry of Agriculture. The State Forestry Administration is mainly responsible for organizing, coordinating, guiding, and supervising wetland conservation work nationwide, including organizing and coordinating

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