林权抵押贷款是以林地使用权和林木所有权作为抵押物的贷款新品种。这项贷款业务的创新之处在于，它打破了长期以来银行贷款抵押以房地产为主的单一格局，引入了林地使用权和林木所有权这一新型抵押物，使“沉睡”的森林资源变成了可以抵押变现的资产。实践证明，开办林权抵押贷款，一方面，可以有效地解决林农和林业企业的融资难问题，推动林业经济的快速发展，促进林农增收；另一方面，也可为金融机构开辟新的业务领域，提升金融机构的经营效益。但是，也要清醒地看到，林权抵押贷款毕竟是一项全新的贷款业务，尚处于探索阶段，业务发展过程中仍然面临诸多困难和问题，应当引起高度重视。

　　Forest tenure mortgage loan is a new type of loan that uses forest land use rights and forest ownership as collateral. The innovation of this loan business lies in breaking the long-standing single pattern of real estate as the main collateral for bank loans, introducing a new type of collateral such as forest land use rights and forest ownership, turning "dormant" forest resources into assets that can be mortgaged and realized. Practice has proven that establishing forest tenure mortgage loans can effectively solve the financing difficulties of forest farmers and forestry enterprises, promote the rapid development of forestry economy, and increase the income of forest farmers; On the other hand, it can also open up new business areas for financial institutions and enhance their operational efficiency. However, it should also be soberly recognized that forest tenure mortgage loans are a brand new loan business that is still in the exploratory stage, and there are still many difficulties and problems in the process of business development, which should be highly valued.

　　规制缺陷拖累贷款发展

　　Regulatory deficiencies hinder the development of loans

　　――贷款抵押范围偏窄。一些地区金融机构为避免出现贷款风险，在抵押物的选择上偏于保守。

　　The scope of loan collateral is relatively narrow. Some financial institutions in certain regions tend to be conservative in their choice of collateral to avoid loan risks.

　　――贷款期限与林业生产周期严重不匹配。目前，林农贷款主要用于植树造林、发展林地经济。林木的生长周期较长，一般树木成材需要10年以上的时间，落叶松生长15年以上方可间伐、23年以上才能成材，红松的生长周期则更长。林地种植的人参、中药材的生长周期大多也在8年左右，生长周期较短的五味子也需3年的时间。而目前一些地区金融机构的放贷期限以一年期为主，最长不得超过3年。贷款期限与林业生产周期的严重不匹配，既不适应林业生产发展的需要，又给林农偿还贷款带来了困难。

　　The loan term is seriously mismatched with the forestry production cycle. At present, forest farmer loans are mainly used for afforestation and the development of forest economy. The growth cycle of trees is relatively long. Generally, it takes more than 10 years for trees to mature. Larch trees need to grow for more than 15 years before thinning, and more than 23 years before they can mature. The growth cycle of Pinus koraiensis is even longer. The growth cycle of ginseng and traditional Chinese medicine planted in forest land is mostly around 8 years, and the shorter growth cycle of Schisandra chinensis also takes 3 years. At present, the lending period of some financial institutions in certain regions is mainly one year, with a maximum of three years. The serious mismatch between loan term and forestry production cycle not only fails to meet the needs of forestry production development, but also brings difficulties to forest farmers in repaying loans.

　　――评估费用高。根据现行有关规定，林业评估费用按评估标的额3%～6%的标准收取，这对于收入水平相对较低的农户来说，的确是一个不小的负担。如此之高的收费标准吓退了不少想贷款的企业和农民。

　　The evaluation cost is high. According to current regulations, forestry assessment fees are charged at a rate of 3% to 6% of the assessed value, which is indeed a significant burden for farmers with relatively low income levels. Such high fee standards have deterred many businesses and farmers who want to take out loans.

　　――贷款林农办理抵押登记不便。按照有关规定，抵押登记需到县级以上林业管理部门办理。但许多农民离县城较远，居住在偏远地区的农民离县城甚至在百公里以上，这给农民贷款抵押登记带来不便，一些农民也因此放弃了办理林权抵押贷款的想法。

　　It is inconvenient for loan farmers to handle mortgage registration. According to relevant regulations, mortgage registration needs to be handled at the forestry management department at or above the county level. But many farmers are far away from the county town, and those living in remote areas are even more than a hundred kilometers away from the county town, which brings inconvenience to farmers' loan mortgage registration. As a result, some farmers have given up the idea of applying for forest right mortgage loans.

　　――林业资源变现困难。目前我国林木采伐实行指标管理，采伐指标由县级林业主管部门或者其授权乡镇政府依照有关规定审核发放采伐许可证。在实际操作中，由于对采伐指标控制严格，申请手续繁琐，审批时间较长，部分林农的林木到了砍伐期或间伐期，却因采伐指标的限制而无法采伐。林木资源不能及时采伐出售，不利于林农如期偿还贷款，也不利于银行在出现信贷风险后及时处置抵押林木。

　　Difficulties in realizing forestry resources. At present, China implements quota management for forest logging, and the logging quotas are reviewed and issued with logging permits by county-level forestry authorities or authorized township governments in accordance with relevant regulations. In practical operation, due to strict control over logging indicators, cumbersome application procedures, and long approval times, some forest farmers' trees cannot be harvested during the logging or thinning period due to the limitations of logging indicators. The inability to timely harvest and sell forest resources is not conducive to timely repayment of loans by forest farmers, nor is it conducive to banks disposing of mortgaged trees in a timely manner when credit risks arise.

　　――缺乏贷款的风险保证和补偿机制。林权抵押贷款发放后，一旦林业生产遇到自然灾害，不仅林农要遭受经济损失，而且也会影响银行贷款的偿还。此时，林业保险对减少林业信贷风险，帮助林农灾后迅速恢复生产，促进林业稳定发展就起到了不可或缺的作用。但是，由于目前一些地方尚未开办森林资产的保险业务，遇有自然灾害时必然威胁到林农和金融机构双方的利益，从而在一定程度上影响了林权抵押贷款的扩大。

　　Lack of risk guarantee and compensation mechanism for loans. After the issuance of forest tenure mortgage loans, if forestry production encounters natural disasters, not only will forest farmers suffer economic losses, but it will also affect the repayment of bank loans. At this time, forestry insurance plays an indispensable role in reducing forestry credit risks, helping forest farmers quickly recover production after disasters, and promoting stable forestry development. However, due to the lack of forest asset insurance services in some areas, natural disasters inevitably threaten the interests of both forest farmers and financial institutions, thereby affecting the expansion of forest mortgage loans to a certain extent.

　　多方入手完善贷款制度

　　Multiple approaches to improve the loan system

　　建议改进贷款管理办法。一是合理扩大贷款抵押范围。除特殊用途的公益林之外，荒山荒林、干坚果经济林、杂木林、树龄在10年以下的红松、落叶松等各种林木均应纳入贷款抵押范围。由于树种不同、信贷风险不同，贷款的抵押率应有所差别。比如，树龄在10年以下的红松、落叶松属于幼龄树，不能砍伐出售，转让相对困难，信贷风险较大，其贷款抵押率应控制在20%以下。二是在贷款期限的设定上，尽量与林业生产周期相匹配，并根据实际情况做好续贷工作。由于林业产业收益的非一次性获得，贷款偿还方式也要灵活确定，可分期按比例偿还，以减轻林农还贷压力。三是要根据风险与收益对称的原则，合理进行贷款定价，科学调整贷款利率水平，做到既有利于银行拓展信贷业务又能降低林农负担。四是创新贷款模式，除林权抵押贷款外，还应积极尝试林户联保贷款、小额贴息贷款、林权反担保贷款、林木仓储质押贷款、林业产业化龙头企业承贷等新的贷款模式，以满足林农和林业企业的多样化贷款需求。

　　Suggest improving loan management methods. One is to reasonably expand the scope of loan collateral. Except for special-purpose public welfare forests, various types of forests such as barren mountains and forests, dry nut economic forests, mixed forests, and red pine and larch trees under 10 years old should be included in the scope of loan collateral. Due to different tree species and credit risks, the mortgage rate for loans should vary. For example, red pine and larch trees under 10 years old are considered young trees and cannot be cut down or sold, making it relatively difficult to transfer them. The credit risk is high, and their loan collateral ratio should be controlled below 20%. Secondly, in setting the loan term, try to match it with the forestry production cycle as much as possible, and do a good job in extending the loan according to the actual situation. Due to the non one-time acquisition of forestry industry benefits, the loan repayment method should also be flexibly determined, and can be repaid in installments and proportionally to alleviate the pressure of repayment for forest farmers. The third is to reasonably price loans based on the principle of risk and return symmetry, scientifically adjust loan interest rates, and achieve both the benefits of expanding credit business for banks and reducing the burden on forest farmers. The fourth is to innovate loan models. In addition to forest right mortgage loans, we should actively try new loan models such as forest household joint guarantee loans, small interest subsidized loans, forest right counter guarantee loans, forest storage pledge loans, and forestry industrialization leading enterprise loans to meet the diversified loan needs of forest farmers and forestry enterprises.

　　建议抵押登记就近在乡镇林业站办理。乡镇林业站直接与林农打交道，对林地的取得、有无产权纠纷、林木价值等各种情况了解得最为详细，完全有能力办理抵押登记。建议县林业部门通过授权的形式把这项工作交由乡镇林业站办理，这样，既可方便企业和农民，又可提高抵押登记工作质量。

　　It is recommended to register the mortgage at the nearest township forestry station. The township forestry station directly deals with forest farmers and has the most detailed understanding of various situations such as the acquisition of forest land, whether there are property disputes, and the value of forest trees. It is fully capable of handling mortgage registration. It is suggested that the county forestry department delegate this work to the township forestry station through authorization. This will not only facilitate enterprises and farmers, but also improve the quality of mortgage registration work.

　　建议健全和完善林业服务体系。加强政、银、林沟通协作，共同推动林业部门加强森林资产评估工作的指导和监督，严格规范评估行为，适当降低评估收费标准。尽快健全资产评估体系，每个县（市）至少应设立一家评估机构，以方便林农资产评估。改进林业采伐管理办法，优先保证贷款抵押林木的采伐需要，确保银行抵押权的顺利实现。大力推进以林权流转为主的林产品交易市场、收储市场等配套的市场体系建设，为实现林业资源的顺利流转、为金融支持林业发展提供有效的市场保证。

　　Suggest improving and perfecting the forestry service system. Strengthen communication and cooperation among government, banking, and forestry departments, jointly promote the guidance and supervision of forest asset evaluation work by forestry departments, strictly regulate evaluation behavior, and appropriately reduce evaluation fee standards. Establish a sound asset evaluation system as soon as possible, and each county (city) should set up at least one evaluation institution to facilitate the evaluation of forestry and agricultural assets. Improve forestry logging management methods, prioritize ensuring the logging needs of forest trees mortgaged by loans, and ensure the smooth realization of bank mortgage rights. Vigorously promote the construction of a supporting market system, such as a forest product trading market and a storage market, mainly based on the transfer of forest rights, to provide effective market guarantees for the smooth transfer of forestry resources and financial support for forestry development.

　　建议积极开展林业保险试点。建议政府有关部门加强与保险公司的联系和沟通，研究制定林业保险试点方案，尽快开展林业保险试点工作。建议政府实行保费补贴政策，减轻参保林农的负担。建议通过多种渠道广泛宣传林业保险的意义和常识，提高林农投保的积极性，为开展林业保险营造良好氛围。

　　Suggest actively carrying out pilot projects for forestry insurance. It is suggested that relevant government departments strengthen their contact and communication with insurance companies, study and formulate pilot plans for forestry insurance, and carry out pilot work for forestry insurance as soon as possible. It is suggested that the government implement a premium subsidy policy to alleviate the burden on insured forest farmers. It is recommended to widely promote the significance and common sense of forestry insurance through various channels, increase the enthusiasm of forest farmers to purchase insurance, and create a good atmosphere for carrying out forestry insurance.

　　建议加强贷后监督检查。银行贷款业务发生后，应逐户建立贷款档案，加强贷款检查，特别应关注抵押物的完整性和安全性，检查抵押物的价值是否损失，抵押权是否受到侵害。同时，建议林业管理部门配合银行搞好抵押林木的监督管理。

　　Suggest strengthening post loan supervision and inspection. After the occurrence of bank loan business, loan files should be established on a household by household basis, and loan inspections should be strengthened. Special attention should be paid to the integrity and safety of the collateral, checking whether the value of the collateral has been lost and whether the mortgage right has been infringed. At the same time, it is recommended that the forestry management department cooperate with banks to carry out supervision and management of mortgaged forest trees.

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