用材林林木资源资产评估

　　Assessment of Timber Forest Resource Assets

　　林木资源资产也称为立木资源资产，是森林资源资产中最重要的组成部分，是森林资源资产中产权交易最活跃的部分，也是森林资源资产评估最主要的内容。用材林是森林资源中以生产木材为主要目的的部分，在森林资源中面积最大、蓄积量最多。用材林根据其内部结构与经营方式的不同，可分为同龄林与异龄林两大类，其林木资源资产也分为同龄林林木资源资产和异龄林林木资源资产。

　　Forest resource assets, also known as standing timber resource assets, are the most important component of forest resource assets, the most active part of property rights trading in forest resource assets, and the main content of forest resource asset evaluation. Timber forest is the part of forest resources whose main purpose is to produce wood, and it has the largest area and the highest accumulation in forest resources. Timber forests can be divided into two categories based on their internal structure and management methods: same age forests and different age forests. Their forest resource assets are also divided into same age forest resource assets and different age forest resource assets.

　　根据《森林资源资产评估技术规范（试行）》的规定，林木资产评估测算的方法主要有：市价法，包括市场法（市场价倒算法、现行市价法）；收益现值法（收益净现值法、收获现值法、年金资本化法）；成本法（序列需工数法、重置成本法）。

　　According to the Technical Specifications for Forest Resource Asset Evaluation (Trial), the main methods for evaluating and calculating forest assets include the market price method, including the market price method (inverted market price algorithm, current market price method); Present value of earnings method (net present value of earnings method, present value of earnings method, annuity capitalization method); Cost method (sequential labor method, reset cost method).

　　一、市场价倒算法

　　1、 Market price inversion algorithm

　　市场价倒算法又叫剩余价值法，它是将被评估林木资源资产皆伐后所得木材的市场销售总收入，扣除木材生产经营所消耗的成本（含税、费等）及应得的利润后，剩余的部分作为林木资源资产评估价值的一种方法。其计算公式为：

　　The market price inversion algorithm, also known as the residual value method, is a method of evaluating the value of forest resource assets by deducting the cost of wood production and operation (including taxes, fees, etc.) and the expected profit from the total market sales revenue of wood obtained after the evaluation of forest resource assets. The calculation formula is:

　　式中：E——评估值；

　　In the formula: E - evaluation value;

　　W——木材销售总收入；

　　W - Total revenue from timber sales;

　　C——木材生产经营成本；

　　C - Wood production and operation costs;

　　F——木材生产经营段利润。市场价倒算法是成、过熟龄林木资源资产评估的常用方法。该法所需的技术经济资料较易获得，各工序的生产成本可依据现行的生产定额标准进行测算，木材价格、利润、税费等标准都较易收集。立木的蓄积、胸径和树高在资产核查中已确定 ，无须进行生长预测，财务的分析也不涉及到投资收益率和折现率等问题。该方法计算简单，测算结果最贴近市场，最易为林木资源资产的所有者、购买者所接受。

　　F - Profit of wood production and operation segment. The market price inversion algorithm is a commonly used method for evaluating mature and overripe forest resource assets. The technical and economic information required for this law is relatively easy to obtain, and the production costs of each process can be calculated based on the current production quota standards. Standards such as timber prices, profits, and taxes are also relatively easy to collect. The stock volume, breast height diameter, and tree height of standing trees have been determined in asset verification, and there is no need for growth prediction. Financial analysis also does not involve issues such as investment return rate and discount rate. This method is simple to calculate, produces results that are closest to the market, and is most easily accepted by owners and buyers of forest resource assets.

　　该法测算时关键的问题有：

　　The key issues when calculating with this method are:

　　1、合理确定木材的平均价格

　　1. Reasonably determine the average price of wood

　　在木材市场上，木材的交易价格是按口径、长度确定的，是规格化的产品价格。而在林木资源资产评估中，这种规格化的产品价格必须转化成某种材种或某类材种的平均价格。由于不同的林分所产出的同一材种的规格不同，其同一材种的平均售价将发生很大变化。在单片的成熟龄林分的评估中，必须根据待评估林分的胸径、树高、形数、材质，以单独确定材种的平均价格，而不能直接采用当地的材种平均价格。在大面积的评估中应根据近年来的交易价格和未来森林资源总体状况确定其材种的平均价格。

　　In the timber market, the trading price of timber is determined by caliber and length, and is a standardized product price. In the evaluation of forest resource assets, this standardized product price must be converted into the average price of a certain type or category of wood. Due to the different specifications of the same timber species produced by different forest stands, the average selling price of the same timber species will vary greatly. In the evaluation of mature aged forest stands, the average price of timber species must be determined separately based on the diameter at breast height, tree height, number of shapes, and material of the forest stand to be evaluated, rather than directly using the local average price of timber species. In large-scale evaluations, the average price of timber species should be determined based on recent transaction prices and the overall future status of forest resources.

　　2、准确确定待评估林分各材种的出材率

　　2. Accurately determine the yield of each timber species in the forest stand to be evaluated

　　构成立木资产的林木蓄积不是规格化的产品，不同林分的立木由于胸径、树高、形数和材质的不同，其不同材种的出材率有很大的差别。材种出材率的差异直接影响了木材的总售价，税费的测算，使评估结果发生较大变化。

　　The forest stock that constitutes standing timber assets is not a standardized product. The yield of standing timber from different forest stands varies greatly due to differences in diameter at breast height, height, number of shapes, and material. The difference in the yield rate of different types of wood directly affects the total selling price of wood and the calculation of taxes, resulting in significant changes in the evaluation results.

　　3、合理计算税费

　　3. Reasonably calculate taxes and fees

　　在木材的交易中，虽然税费的标准有明确的规定，但各地的计税基价规定可能不同。税费收取的项目、幅度都可能不一样，有些企业可能还有政策性优惠。因此，其税费的数量必须依照当地调查的实际资料确定，而不能参照其他地区的标准进行。

　　In the transaction of timber, although there are clear regulations on tax and fee standards, the tax base price regulations may vary in different regions. The items and ranges of tax and fee collection may vary, and some companies may also have policy incentives. Therefore, the amount of taxes and fees must be determined based on the actual data obtained from local investigations, and cannot be based on standards from other regions.

　　4、合理确定木材生产经营成本

　　4. Reasonably determine the production and operation costs of wood

　　木材生产经营成本主要包括作业准备成本（伐区设计费、道路维修费等）、采伐成本（场地清理、采伐、打枝、造材、铲皮等费用）、集运成本（集材、短途运输费用）、销售费用（检尺、仓贮）、管理费用、不可预见费、税费等。这些成本的项目多，涉及的范围广，不同的山场成本不同，在单块小班的评估中必须根据小班的具体情况确定其成本，在大面积的评估中要以待评估资产的整体平均水平确定其成本。

　　The production and operation costs of timber mainly include preparation costs (cutting area design fees, road maintenance fees, etc.), cutting costs (site cleaning, cutting, pruning, timber making, scraping, etc.), consolidation costs (consolidation, short distance transportation costs), sales expenses (inspection, storage), management expenses, unforeseeable expenses, taxes, etc. These costs involve multiple projects and a wide range of areas, with different costs for different mountain ranges. In the evaluation of a single small class, its cost must be determined based on the specific situation of the small class. In the evaluation of a large area, its cost must be determined based on the overall average level of the assets to be evaluated.

　　5、合理确定木材生产经营利润：它包括采运段利润和销售段利润两部分。实际操作中主要考虑经营者的生产经营管理水平，社会的平均利润率，通过认真细致的调查研究和资料的收集，综合确定每立方米林木的合理木材生产经营利润。

　　5. Reasonably determine the profit of wood production and operation: it includes two parts: the profit of the harvesting and transportation section and the profit of the sales section. In practical operation, the main considerations are the production and operation management level of the operator, the average profit margin of society, and through careful and meticulous investigation and data collection, the reasonable wood production and operation profit per cubic meter of forest is comprehensively determined.

　　市场价倒算法主要用于成、过熟林的林木资源资产评估，但在一般的收益现值法、土地期望价法、收获现值法中，其林分主伐的预期收获的计算均是采用该法进行，它是森林资源资产评估中最基本的方法。

　　The market price inversion algorithm is mainly used for the evaluation of forest resource assets in mature and overripe forests. However, in general methods such as present value of income, expected land price, and present value of harvest, this method is used to calculate the expected harvest of forest main felling. It is the most fundamental method in forest resource asset evaluation.

　　例：成、过熟林林木资源资产评估

　　Example: Assessment of Forest Resource Assets in Mature and Overmature Forests

　　成、过熟林林木是可立即采伐或在近期内可采伐的林木，一般采用市场价倒算法或现行市价法。在林木资源资产交易市场发育不充分、买卖交易不活跃及资金交易价格透明度低的地区，市场价倒算法是成、过熟林林木资源资产评估的首选方法。

　　Mature and overripe forest trees are trees that can be harvested immediately or in the near future, usually using the market price inversion algorithm or the current market price method. In areas where the forest resource asset trading market is underdeveloped, the buying and selling transactions are inactive, and the transparency of fund trading prices is low, the market price inversion algorithm is the preferred method for evaluating mature and overripe forest resource assets.

　　例5-1：2008年某个体户拟转让10 hm2杉木林分，该林分经营类型为一杉中，年龄为28年，林分平均胸径为16cm，平均高为15m，蓄积为150m3/hm2，请评估该小班价值。

　　Example 5-1: In 2008, a certain individual planned to transfer 10 hectares of Chinese fir forest. The forest management type was one Chinese fir, with an age of 28 years, an average diameter at breast height of 16cm, an average height of 15m, and a storage volume of 150m3/hm2. Please evaluate the value of this small group.

　　据调查相关技术经济指标为：

　　According to the survey, the relevant technical and economic indicators are:

　　1、木材销价：杉原木900元/m3，杉综合750元/m3

　　1. Wood selling price: 900 yuan/m3 for fir logs, 750 yuan/m3 for fir comprehensive

　　2、税费计征价：杉木原木600元/m3，杉木综合材300元/m3。

　　2. Tax and fee calculation price: 600 yuan/m3 for Chinese fir logs and 300 yuan/m3 for Chinese fir composite timber.

　　3、木材经营成本

　　3. Wood operating costs

　　(1)伐区设计费：按蓄积7元/m3

　　(1) Design fee for logging area: 7 yuan/m3 based on accumulated amount

　　(2)检尺费：8元/ m3

　　(2) Measuring fee: 8 yuan/m3

　　(3)直接采伐成本：90元/m3；

　　(3) Direct logging cost: 90 yuan/m3;

　　（4)道路维护费；5元/m3

　　(4) Road maintenance fees; 5 yuan/m3

　　(5)短途运输成本：15元/m3

　　(5) Short distance transportation cost: 15 yuan/m3

　　(6)销售费用：销售价的1%

　　(6) Selling expenses: 1% of the selling price

　　(7)管理费：销售价的3%

　　(7) Management fee: 3% of the sales price

　　(8)不可预见费：销售价的2%

　　(8) Unforeseeable expenses: 2% of the sales price

　　4、税费

　　4. Taxes and Fees

　　(1)育林费：按统一计征价的12%征收。

　　(1) Afforestation fee: levied at 12% of the unified levy price.

　　(2)维简费：按统一计征价的8%征收。

　　(2) Maintenance fee: levied at 8% of the unified rate.

　　(3)森林植物检疫费：按调运木材统一计征价的0.2%征收。

　　(3) Forest plant quarantine fee: levied at 0.2% of the unified price for transporting timber.

　　(4)增值税：按不含税价的6%征收。

　　(4) Value added tax: levied at 6% of the price excluding tax.

　　(5)城建税：按增值税额的5%征收。

　　(5) Urban construction tax: levied at 5% of the value-added tax.

　　(6)教育附加税：按增值税额的3%征收。

　　(6) Education surtax: levied at 3% of the value-added tax.

　　(7)所得税：按不含税价的2%征收。

　　(7) Income tax: levied at 2% of the price excluding tax.

　　5、经营利润率：直接木材生产成本的15%计算

　　5. Operating profit margin: calculated at 15% of the direct wood production cost

　　6、投资收益率：6%

　　6. Investment return rate: 6%

　　7、出材率：按待评估山场成熟林林木的平均胸径以及当地生产的实际情况，确定杉木出材率70%（其中原木25%；综用材45%）

　　7. Yield rate: Based on the average diameter at breast height of mature forest trees in the evaluated mountain area and the actual production situation in the local area, the yield rate of Chinese fir is determined to be 70% (including 25% for logs and 45% for composite materials)

　　8、林地使用费：按新林价（杉原木160元）的30%计，综用材为原木林价的70%。

　　8. Forest land use fee: calculated at 30% of the new forest price (160 yuan for fir logs), and 70% of the log forest price for comprehensive timber.

　　9、平均主伐年龄：杉木中径材平均主伐年龄为26年，

　　9. Average cutting age: The average cutting age of Chinese fir medium diameter wood is 26 years,

　　解：根据上述指标计算：

　　Solution: Calculate based on the above indicators:

　　1、每立方米杉原木纯收入为：900-7÷0.7-8-90-5-15-900×(1%+3%+2%)-600×(12%+8%+0.2%)-900÷1.06×(6%×1.08+2%)-90×15%-160×30%=463.3元

　　1. The net income per cubic meter of cedar wood is 900-7 ÷ 0.7-8-90-5-15-900 × (1%+3%+2%) -600 × (12%+8%+0.2%) -900 ÷ 1.06 × (6% × 1.08+2%) -90 × 15% -160 × 30%=463.3 yuan

　　2、每立方米杉综用材纯收入为：750-7÷0.7-8-90-5-15-750×(1%+3%+2%)-300×(12%+8%+0.2%)-750÷1.06×(6%×1.08+2%)-90×15%-160×30%×70%=409.3元

　　2. The net income per cubic meter of fir comprehensive timber is 750-7 ÷ 0.7-8-90-5-15-750 × (1%+3%+2%) -300 × (12%+8%+0.2%) -750 ÷ 1.06 × (6% × 1.08+2%) -90 × 15% -160 × 30% × 70%=409.3 yuan

　　3、据此可计算该林分评估值为：10×150×(25%×463.3+45%×409.3)=450015元

　　3. Based on this, the evaluation value of the forest stand can be calculated as: 10 × 150 × (25% × 463.3+45% × 409.3)=450015 yuan

　　为此，该林分评估值为450015元

　　Therefore, the assessed value of the forest stand is 450015 yuan

　　二、现行市价法

　　2、 Current market price method

　　现行市价法也称市场成交价比较法。它是将相同或类似的森林资源资产在目前市场上的实际成交价格作为被评估森林资源资产评估价值的一种评估方法。其计算公式为：

　　The current market price method is also known as the market transaction price comparison method. It is an evaluation method that takes the actual transaction price of the same or similar forest resource assets in the current market as the assessed value of the evaluated forest resource assets. The calculation formula is:

　　式中：E一评估值；

　　In the formula: E represents the evaluation value;

　　K—林分质量调整系数；

　　K - forest quality adjustment coefficient;

　　Kb一物价调整系数，可以用评估基准日工价与参照案例交易时工价之比或评估基准日时某一规格的木材价格与参照案例交易时同一规格的木材价格之比；

　　Kb is the price adjustment coefficient, which can be used as the ratio of the labor price on the evaluation reference date to the labor price at the time of the reference case transaction, or the ratio of the price of a certain specification of wood on the evaluation reference date to the price of the same specification of wood at the time of the reference case transaction;

　　G一参照物的市场交易价格（可按面积或按蓄积）。

　　The market transaction price of a reference material (which can be based on area or volume).

　　现行市价法是一般资产评估中使用最为广泛的方法。理论上它可以用于任何年龄阶段、任何形式的森林资源资产。该法的评估结果可信度高、说服力强、计算容易，但主要取决于收集到的参照案例的成交价的可靠程度。采用该法的必备条件是要求存在一个发育充分的、公开的森林资源资产市场，在这个市场中可以找到各种类型的森林资源资产评估的参照案例。

　　The current market price method is the most widely used method in general asset valuation. In theory, it can be used for any age group and any form of forest resource asset. The evaluation results of this method have high credibility, strong persuasiveness, and easy calculation, but mainly depend on the reliability of the transaction prices of the collected reference cases. The necessary condition for adopting this method is the existence of a well-developed and open forest resource asset market, in which various types of forest resource asset evaluation reference cases can be found.

　　使用现行市价法时关键的问题是：

　　The key issue when using the current market price method is:

　　1、合理选择评估的参照案例

　　1. Reasonable selection of reference cases for evaluation

　　现行市价法评估时，其评估的结果主要取决于所收集的参照案例的评估价格的合理程度，因此，选定几个合适的评估案例是使用该方法的关键所在。案例的林分状况应尽量与待评估林分相近，其交易时间应尽可能接近评估基准日。

　　When using the current market price method for evaluation, the evaluation results mainly depend on the reasonableness of the evaluation prices of the collected reference cases. Therefore, selecting several suitable evaluation cases is the key to using this method. The forest stand condition of the case should be as close as possible to the forest stand to be evaluated, and its trading time should be as close as possible to the evaluation reference date.

　　2、正确确定林分质量调整系数与物价指数调整系数

　　2. Correctly determine the forest quality adjustment coefficient and price index adjustment coefficient

　　由于森林资源资产不是规格产品，故其林分的质量差异极大，各参照案例的林分不可能与待评估林分完全一致，必须根据林分的蓄积、平均直径、地利等级等因子进行调整。此外，由于森林资源资产的市场发育不充分，要找多个近期的评估案例十分困难，而利用过去不同时期的评估案例必须根据当时的物价指数以及评估基准日的物价指数进行调整。

　　Due to the fact that forest resource assets are not standardized products, the quality of their forest stands varies greatly. The forest stands in each reference case cannot be completely consistent with the evaluated forest stands, and adjustments must be made based on factors such as stand volume, average diameter, and land use grade. In addition, due to the underdeveloped market for forest resource assets, it is very difficult to find multiple recent evaluation cases, and using evaluation cases from different periods in the past must be adjusted based on the price index at that time and the price index on the evaluation reference date.

　　3、合理综合确定评估值

　　3. Reasonably and comprehensively determine the evaluation value

　　根据《资产评估操作规范意见（试行）》规定，使用现行市价法时必须选用三个以上的评估参照案例。应用不同评估案例测算的结果可能存在着一定的偏差。因此，必须根据待评估林分的实际情况，以及它与各个参照案例的林分的差异综合确定一个合理的评估值。

　　According to the "Opinions on Asset Appraisal Operation Standards (Trial)", when using the current market price method, three or more appraisal reference cases must be selected. There may be certain biases in the results obtained from applying different evaluation cases. Therefore, a reasonable evaluation value must be determined based on the actual situation of the forest stand to be evaluated and its differences from the forest stands of various reference cases.

　　三、收益净现值法

　　3、 Net Present Value Method of Income

　　收益净现值法是收益法的一种，它通过估算被评估的林木资产在未来经营期内各年的预期净收益按一定的折现率折算为现值，并累计求和得出被评估森林资源资产评估值的一种评估方法。其计算公式为：

　　The net present value method of income is a type of income method that estimates the expected net income of the evaluated forest assets over the future operating period, converts it into present value at a certain discount rate, and accumulates the results to obtain the evaluation value of the evaluated forest resource assets. The calculation formula is:

　　式中：En——n年生林木资源资产评估值；

　　In the formula: En - evaluation value of forest resource assets at n years old;

　　At——第t年的年收益；

　　At - Annual income for year t;

　　Ct——第t年的年成本支出；

　　Ct - Annual cost expenditure for year t;

　　u——经济寿命期；

　　U - Economic lifespan;

　　i——折现率；

　　I - discount rate;

　　n——林分的年龄。

　　N - The age of the forest stand.

　　收益净现值法通常用于有经常性收益同时具有经济寿命的林木资产，如经济林林木资产。这些资产每年都有一定的收益，每年也要支出相应的成本，同时具有一定的经济寿命期。收益净现值法的测算需要预测经营期内未来各年度的经济收入和成本支出，其预测较为麻烦，在无法使用其他方法进行评估时才采用的方法。

　　The net present value method of income is usually used for forest assets that have both recurring income and economic lifespan, such as economic forest assets. These assets generate a certain amount of income every year, incur corresponding costs each year, and have a certain economic lifespan. The calculation of net present value of earnings requires predicting the economic income and cost expenditures for each year in the future during the operating period, which is more complicated to predict. It is only used when other methods cannot be used for evaluation.

　　选用该方法时必须注意：

　　When using this method, attention must be paid to:

　　1、各年度的收益和支出预测

　　1. Revenue and expenditure forecast for each year

　　各年度收益和支出的预测是年净收益现值法的基础，它们决定了评估的成败。因此，必须尽可能选用科学、可行的预测方法来进行预测，以满足评估的要求。预测的收益和成本都应按基准日的价格水平进行测算。

　　The prediction of annual income and expenses is the basis of the present value of annual net income method, which determines the success or failure of the evaluation. Therefore, it is necessary to use scientific and feasible prediction methods as much as possible to make predictions in order to meet the requirements of evaluation. The predicted benefits and costs should be calculated based on the price level on the benchmark date.

　　2、折现率的确定

　　2. Determination of discount rate

　　收益现值法中折现率的大小对评估的结果将产生巨大的影响。一般来说，折现率中不应含通货膨胀因素，一则因为通货膨胀率变化不定，确定困难；二则在未来收益的预测中直接用评估基准日的价格较为方便，预测未来的价格较预测实物量更为困难。所以在收益现值法中采用的收益和成本都按基准日的价格水平进行测算，它们之间不存在通货膨胀率。但如果在未来各年的收益和成本的预测中已包括通货膨胀因素，则其折现率也应包括通货膨胀率。在确定折现率时要注意与预期收益的口径保持一致。

　　The size of the discount rate in the present value of earnings method will have a significant impact on the evaluation results. Generally speaking, the discount rate should not include inflation factors, as it is difficult to determine due to the variability of inflation rates; It is more convenient to directly use the price on the evaluation benchmark date in predicting future earnings, but predicting future prices is more difficult than predicting physical quantities. Therefore, the benefits and costs used in the present value of earnings method are calculated based on the price level on the benchmark date, and there is no inflation rate between them. But if inflation factors are already included in the forecast of future revenue and costs, the discount rate should also include the inflation rate. When determining the discount rate, it is important to ensure consistency with the expected returns.

　　四、年金资本化法

　　4、 Annuity capitalization method

　　年金资本化法是将被评估的森林资源资产每年的稳定收益作为资本投资的收益，再按适当的投资收益率求出资产的价值。其计算公式为：

　　The annuity capitalization method is to use the stable annual income of the evaluated forest resource assets as the return on capital investment, and then calculate the value of the assets based on an appropriate investment return rate. The calculation formula is:

　　式中：E——评估值；

　　In the formula: E - evaluation value;

　　A——年平均纯收益额；

　　A - Annual average net income;

　　i——投资收益率。

　　I - Investment return rate.

　　该方法公式简单，要测定的因素少，计算方便，但它的使用有两个严格的前提条件：

　　This method has a simple formula, fewer factors to be measured, and is easy to calculate, but its use has two strict prerequisites:

　　1、待评估资产的年收入必须十分稳定；

　　1. The annual income of the assets to be evaluated must be very stable;

　　2、待评估资产的经营期是无限的，它可以无限久地永续经营下去。

　　2. The operating period of the asset to be evaluated is infinite, and it can continue to operate indefinitely.

　　年金资本化法主要用于评估年纯收益稳定的森林资源资产，如花年毛竹林资源资产、均匀龄级结构的整体森林资源资产。该测算公式稍作改变也可以用来测算大小年明显的毛竹林资源资产价值和异龄林资源资产价值。

　　The annuity capitalization method is mainly used to evaluate forest resource assets with stable annual net income, such as annual bamboo forest resource assets and overall forest resource assets with uniform age structure. This calculation formula can be slightly modified to calculate the asset value of bamboo forest resources with significant differences in size and age, as well as the asset value of different aged forests.

　　该方法的合理应用必须注意两个问题：一是年平均纯收益测算的准确性，要认真测算各项收益、成本及成本的利润，将收益总额减去成本和成本的正常利润，剩余部分才是其纯收益；二是投资收益率必须是不含通货膨胀率的当地该类资产的投资的平均收益率。

　　The reasonable application of this method must pay attention to two issues: first, the accuracy of the annual average net income calculation. It is necessary to carefully calculate the profits of various income, costs, and costs, and subtract the normal profits of costs and costs from the total income, and the remaining part is its net income; The second requirement is that the investment return rate must be the average return rate of the local investment in this type of asset without inflation rate.

　　五、收获现值法

　　5、 Present value method of harvest

　　收获现值法是根据同龄林生长特点提出的专门用于中龄林和近熟林林木资产的评估测算方法。该方法利用收获表预测的被评估森林资源资产在主伐时纯收益的折现值，扣除评估后到主伐期间所支出的营林生产成本（评估后第二年开始支出的成本）折现值的差额，作为被评估森林资源资产评估值的一种方法。其计算公式为：

　　The present value of harvest method is a specialized assessment and calculation method for forest assets in middle-aged and near mature forests, based on the growth characteristics of the same age forest. This method uses the discounted value of the net income of the evaluated forest resource assets predicted by the harvest table during the main logging period, minus the difference in the discounted value of the forest production costs incurred from the evaluation to the main logging period (costs incurred from the second year after evaluation), as a method for evaluating the value of the evaluated forest resource assets. The calculation formula is:

　　式中：En——n年生林木资源资产评估值；

　　In the formula: En - evaluation value of forest resource assets at n years old;

　　Au——参照林分u年主伐时的纯收入（指木材销售收入扣除采运成本、销售费用、管理费用、财务费用及有关税费和木材经营的合理利润后的部分），即主伐时的林木资产价值；

　　Au - refers to the net income of the forest at the time of main logging in year u (referring to the portion of timber sales revenue after deducting transportation costs, sales expenses, management expenses, financial expenses, relevant taxes, and reasonable profits from timber management), which is the asset value of the forest at the time of main logging;

　　Da，Db——参照林分第a、b年的间伐纯收入（n＞a，b时，Da，Db＝0）；

　　Da, Db - refer to the net income from thinning in the a and b years of the forest stand (when n>a, b, Da，Db＝0）；

　　i——投资收益率；

　　I - Investment return rate;

　　Ct——评估后到主伐期间的营林生产成本（主要是森林的管护成本）；

　　Ct - the production cost of forest management from evaluation to main logging period (mainly the cost of forest management);

　　K——林分质量调整系数。

　　K - Forest quality adjustment coefficient.

　　收获现值法是评估中龄林和近熟林资产经常选用的方法。收获现值法的公式较复杂，需要预测和确定的项目多，计算也较为麻烦。但该方法是针对中龄林和近熟林造林年代已久，用重置成本易产生偏差，而离主伐又尚早，不能直接采用市场价倒算法的特点而提出的。该方法的提出解决了中龄林和近熟林资产评估的难点，将重置成本法评估的幼龄林资产与用市场价倒算法评估的成熟林资产的价格连了起来，形成了一个完整、系统的立木价格体系。该法的使用必须注意：

　　The present value of harvest method is a commonly used approach to evaluate the assets of middle-aged and near mature forests. The formula for the present value method of harvest is complex, requiring multiple projects to be predicted and determined, and the calculation is also cumbersome. However, this method is proposed for the characteristics of middle-aged and near mature forests that have been planted for a long time, are prone to bias when using reset costs, and are still early in the main cutting process, and cannot directly adopt the market price inversion algorithm. The proposal of this method solves the difficulty of asset evaluation for middle-aged and near mature forests, linking the prices of young forest assets evaluated by reset cost method with mature forest assets evaluated by market price inversion algorithm, forming a complete and systematic standing tree price system. The use of this law must pay attention to:

　　1、标准林分u年主伐时的纯收入预测

　　1. Prediction of net income during the main cutting of standard forest stands in year u

　　主伐时纯收入的预测值是收获现值法的关键数据，其测算通常先按收获表、生长模型或其他方法预测其主伐时的立木蓄积量，然后再按木材市场价倒算法计算出主伐时的纯收入（立木价值）。其采用的木材价格、生产定额、工价等技术经济指标均按评估基准日时的标准。

　　The predicted value of net income during main felling is the key data of the present value of harvest method. Its calculation usually starts with predicting the standing timber volume during main felling according to the harvest table, growth model or other methods, and then calculates the net income (standing timber value) during main felling using the inverse algorithm of timber market price. The technical and economic indicators such as wood prices, production quotas, and labor prices used are based on the standards of the evaluation benchmark date.

　　2、投资收益率的确定

　　2. Determination of investment return rate

　　由于收益和成本测算中均按评估基准日时的价格标准测算，因此，其投资收益率必须是扣除通货膨胀因子的该森林经营类型当地平均收益水平的投资收益率。

　　Due to the fact that both income and cost calculations are based on the price standards on the evaluation reference date, the investment return rate must be the investment return rate of the local average income level of the forest management type after deducting inflation factors.

　　3、评估后到主伐期间的营林生产成本

　　3. The production cost of forest management from evaluation to main logging period

　　评估后到主伐期间的营林生产成本包括直接成本和间接成本。在一般的生产实践中间伐的成本在间伐纯收入计算时已扣除了，因此这一阶段的营林成本主要是按面积分摊的年森林管护成本（V），这一成本相对比较稳定。这样可用有限期年金的现值进行测算，

　　The production costs of forest management during the evaluation and main logging period include both direct and indirect costs. In general production practice, the cost of thinning has been deducted in the calculation of net income from thinning, so the cost of forest management in this stage is mainly the annual forest management cost (V) allocated by area, which is relatively stable. This can be calculated using the present value of a finite annuity,

　　为便于计算可将上式简化为：

　　For ease of calculation, the above equation can be simplified as:

　　4、主伐时间u的确定

　　4. Determination of the main battle time u

　　主伐时间u通常取该林分所属森林经营类型的主伐年龄的龄级下限。即主伐年龄为v级，龄级年限为5年时，u=21年。

　　The main cutting time u is usually taken as the lower limit of the main cutting age of the forest management type to which the stand belongs. When the age of the main expedition is V level and the age limit is 5 years, u=21 years.

　　5、间伐时间及间伐纯收入的确定

　　5. Determination of thinning time and net income from thinning

　　林分的间伐时间通常按该林分所属经营类型或经营类型措施设计表所规定的间伐时间设定，其间伐的数量按当地该类型a年或b年生林分间伐的平均水平，根据木材市场价倒算法计算。但必须注意①同一规格的间伐材的价格要低于主伐材；②间伐的单位生产成本要高于主伐时的单位生产成本。

　　The thinning time of a forest stand is usually set according to the thinning time specified in the management type or management type measure design table to which the forest stand belongs. The number of cuts during this period is calculated based on the average level of thinning of a or b year old forest stands of this type in the local area, using the inverse algorithm of the timber market price. But it must be noted that the price of intermediate cut materials of the same specification should be lower than that of main cut materials; ② The unit production cost of thinning is higher than that of main cutting.

　　6、调整系数K的确定

　　6. Determination of adjustment coefficient K

　　在收获现值法中，调整系数K主要是对主间伐的收益值进行调整，依据待评估林分的现实的蓄积和平均胸径与参照林分在同一年龄时的蓄积和平均胸径（通常是收获表、生长过程表或生长模型上的值）的差异来综合确定。

　　In the method of harvest present value, the adjustment coefficient K is mainly to adjust the income value of main thinning, which is comprehensively determined according to the difference between the actual volume and average diameter at breast height of the stand to be assessed and the volume and average diameter at breast height of the reference stand at the same age (usually the value on the harvest table, growth process table or growth model).

　　收获现值法应用于中龄林和近熟龄林木资源资产评估的操作实务中，林分质量调整系数、林分主伐时的蓄积量和小班树种组成比中非优势树种调整也是影响林木资源资产价值的不容忽视因素，现说明如下：

　　In the practical application of the present value of harvest method in the asset evaluation of middle-aged and near mature forest resources, the adjustment coefficient of stand quality, the volume during main cutting, and the adjustment of non dominant tree species in the composition ratio of small group tree species are also factors that cannot be ignored in affecting the asset value of forest resources. The following is an explanation:

　　①林分质量调整系数

　　① Forest quality adjustment coefficient

　　在中、近熟林林分林木资源资产评估中，以单位面积蓄积量和平均胸径两项指标确定调整系数K1与K2，最后综合确定总的林分质量调整系数Ｋ，即K=K1×K2。

　　In the evaluation of forest resources assets in medium and near mature forest stands, the adjustment coefficients K1 and K2 are determined based on two indicators: unit area volume and average breast height diameter. Finally, the total stand quality adjustment coefficient K is determined comprehensively, that is, K=K1 × K2.

　　在林木资源资产评估操作实务中，确定林分质量调整系数的关键是寻找适合评估地区的林分生长过程表或收获表。目前此类数表没有颁布统一的国家或省级标准，而林业科技工作者对一些主要树种的林分生长过程表的研制进行了较为深入研究，取得了不少的科研成果，这些成果对评估操作有借鉴意义，要注意收集。但因研究工作的局域性和数表的权威性影响了数表的应用。为此，评估地区所收集到林分生长过程表，须进行数表的适用性检验，经检验适用，方可作为参照林分的生长过程。此外，也可收集评估地区近期主要用材树种各龄组或各龄段主要测树因子的数据资料，或者分别森林经营类型收集用材树种各龄组或各龄段森林资源调查数据，结合国家或省级林业主管部门颁发的技术规范中的技术指标资料，运用数学方法构建林分生长过程模型，以此作为参照林分的生长过程。

　　In the practical operation of forest resource asset evaluation, the key to determining the forest quality adjustment coefficient is to find a suitable forest growth process table or harvest table for the evaluation area.   However, the locality of research work and the authority of number tables have affected the application of number tables. For this purpose, the collected forest growth process table in the evaluation area must undergo applicability testing of the numerical table. Only after being tested for suitability can it be used as a reference for the growth process of the forest stand. In addition, data on the main measurement factors of various age groups or age groups of major timber tree species in the evaluation area can also be collected, or forest resource survey data of various age groups or age groups of timber tree species can be collected separately for forest management types. Combined with technical indicators issued by national or provincial forestry authorities, mathematical methods can be used to construct a forest growth process model, which can be used as a reference for the growth process of forest stands.

　　②林分主伐时蓄积量预测

　　② Prediction of volume during main logging of forest stands

　　林分主伐蓄积量的预测的关键是主伐年龄和林分生长模型的确定。主伐年龄在评估实务中一般已有明确规定。可根据评估目的的需要采用其中值、上限或下限。生长模型一般采用适合评估地区的生长过程表或收获表的模型，也可利用森林资源调查数据运用数学方法构建林分生长过程模型。

　　The key to predicting the main logging volume of a forest stand is to determine the age of the main logging and the growth model of the forest stand. The age of the main commander is generally clearly defined in evaluation practice. The median, upper limit, or lower limit can be used according to the needs of the evaluation purpose. The growth model generally adopts a growth process table or harvest table suitable for evaluating the region, and can also use mathematical methods to construct a forest growth process model based on forest resource survey data.

　　③小班中非优势树种调整

　　③ Adjustment of non dominant tree species in small classes

　　树种组成比也是一个影响评估结果的因素，在木材交易市场中，不同的树种、不同的材种的市场价格有较大的差异，在林木资源资产评估的基础数据中，除三类调查外，在二类调查数据库中所提供的数据是优势树种的各测树因子的平均数据即优势树种的胸径、树高和蓄积量等。由于组成比中各树种的测树因子的实际数据无法获得，因此，在计算林分调整系数时也常常以优势树种的各测树因子生长过程代替小班整体，从而导致以优势树种的生长代替非优势树种的生长，使评估结果在树种组成中非优势树种占比重比较大时会产生较大的误差。在按小班进行资产评估时，可对这一因素予以调整。其步骤为：

　　The composition ratio of tree species is also a factor that affects the evaluation results. In the timber trading market, there are significant differences in the market prices of different tree species and wood species. In the basic data of forest resource asset evaluation, except for the three types of surveys, the data provided in the second type survey database is the average data of various tree measurement factors of dominant tree species, such as breast height diameter, tree height, and stock volume of dominant tree species. Due to the unavailability of actual data on the tree measurement factors of various tree species in the composition ratio, the growth process of dominant tree species is often used instead of the overall small group when calculating the stand adjustment coefficient. This results in the growth of dominant tree species replacing the growth of non dominant tree species, leading to significant errors in the evaluation results when the proportion of non dominant tree species is relatively high in the tree species composition. When evaluating assets based on small classes, this factor can be adjusted. The steps are as follows:

　　首先，对应小班优势树种的经营类型寻找与之对应的非优势树种的经营类型，如以杉木为主的集约杉木高指数大径材对应于集约马尾松高指数大径材，依此类推。而阔叶树仅有四种经营类型，则以大、中径材对应经营类型。

　　Firstly, search for the management types of non dominant tree species that correspond to the dominant tree species in the corresponding small group. For example, intensive Chinese fir high index large-diameter timber dominated by Chinese fir corresponds to intensive Masson pine high index large-diameter timber, and so on. And broad-leaved trees only have four types of management, corresponding to the management types of large and medium diameter timber.

　　其次，以对应的非优势树种的经营类型计算小班现实林龄的标准林分平均直径（d非）平均树高（h非）和单位面积蓄积量（m非）以及该小班森林经营类型主伐年龄的标准林分平均直径（D非）、平均树高（H非）单位面积蓄积量（M非）。

　　Secondly, the standard stand average diameter (d-non), average tree height (h-non), and unit area volume (m-non) of the actual forest age of the small group are calculated based on the management type of the corresponding non dominant tree species, as well as the standard stand average diameter (D-non), average tree height (H-non), and unit area volume (M-non) of the main cutting age of the small group forest management type.

　　再次，计算小班非优势树种的现实林龄林分平均直径、平均树高、平均蓄积量、予以调整如下：

　　Once again, calculate the average diameter, average height, and average volume of non dominant tree species in the actual forest age of the small group, and adjust them as follows:

　　式中：m、d、h——现实小班单位面积蓄积量、胸径、树高；

　　In the formula: m, d, h - actual small class unit area volume, breast height diameter, tree height;

　　M、D、H——现实林龄时优势树种标准林分蓄积量生长曲线对应的单位面积蓄积量、胸径、树高。

　　M. D, H - The unit area volume, diameter at breast height, and tree height corresponding to the standard stand volume growth curve of dominant tree species at actual forest age.

　　最后，预估主伐年龄的非优势树种的直径、树高、蓄积量。

　　Finally, estimate the diameter, height, and volume of non dominant tree species for the main cutting age.

　　依此类推得：

　　And so on:

　　例5-3：现有某国有林场拟转让一块面积为10hm2的杉木中龄林，年龄为14年，蓄积量为135m3/hm2，经营类型为一般指数中径材（其主伐年龄为26年），假设每年的营林管护成本为90元/hm2，由该地区一般指数杉木中径材的标准参照林分的蓄积生长方程预测其主伐时平均蓄积量为300m3/ hm2，现实林龄（即14年生）标准参照林分的平均蓄积量为150m3/ hm2，该林分已经过间伐不再要求间伐，请计算该林分的林木资产评估值。

　　Example 5-3: A state-owned forest farm plans to transfer a middle-aged Chinese fir forest with an area of 10 hectares, an age of 14 years, a stock volume of 135m3/hm2, and a management type of general index medium diameter timber (with a main cutting age of 26 years). Assuming an annual forest management cost of 90 yuan/hm2, the average stock volume during main cutting is predicted to be 300m3/hm2 based on the standard of general index Chinese fir medium diameter timber in the region and the stock growth equation of the forest stand. The actual forest age (i.e. 14 years old) standard is based on the average stock volume of the forest stand, which is 150m3/hm2. The forest stand has already undergone thinning and no longer requires thinning. Please calculate the forest asset evaluation value of the forest stand.

　　有关技术经济指标（均为虚构假设指标）

　　Regarding technical and economic indicators (all hypothetical indicators)

　　（1）营林生产成本：从造林第五年起每年的管护费用为90元/ hm2。

　　(1) Production cost of afforestation: The annual management and maintenance cost from the fifth year of afforestation is 90 yuan/hm2.

　　（2）木材销售价格（参照成过熟林而得）：杉原木900元/m3；杉综合材：750元/m3

　　(2) Wood sales price (based on mature forests): 900 yuan/m3 for fir logs; 750 yuan/m3 for fir composite timber

　　（3）两费统一计征价：杉原木600元/m3；杉综合：300元/m3

　　(3) Unified pricing for two fees: 600 yuan/m3 for fir logs; 300 yuan/m3 for fir comprehensive fees

　　（4）增值税计征价：杉原木750元/m3；杉综合：550元/m3

　　(4) Value added tax collection price: 750 yuan/m3 for fir logs; 550 yuan/m3 for fir synthesis

　　（5）木材生产经营成本（含短运、设计、检尺等）：140元/m3

　　(5) Wood production and operation costs (including short transportation, design, measurement, etc.): 140 yuan/m3

　　（6）地租：新林价的30%得杉原木48元/m3；杉综合33.6元/m3

　　(6) Rent: 30% of the new forest price for fir logs at 48 yuan/m3; fir comprehensive at 33.6 yuan/m3

　　（7）木材生产经营利润：杉原木15元/m3；杉综合12元/m3

　　(7) Wood production and operation profit: 15 yuan/m3 for fir logs; 12 yuan/m3 for fir comprehensive

　　（8）林业投资收益率：6%

　　(8) Forestry investment return rate: 6%

　　（9）出材率：杉原木出材率为25%；杉综合出材率为45%

　　(9) Yield rate: The yield rate of fir logs is 25%; The comprehensive yield of fir is 45%

　　（10）育林费：按统一计征价的12%计

　　(10) Afforestation fee: calculated at 12% of the unified levy price

　　（11）维简费：按统一计征价的8%计

　　(11) Maintenance fee: calculated at 8% of the unified levy price

　　（12）木材检疫费：按统一计征价的0.2%计

　　(12) Wood quarantine fee: calculated at 0.2% of the unified levy price

　　（13）销售费用：10元/m3

　　(13) Sales expenses: 10 yuan/m3

　　（14）管理费用：按销售收入的5%计

　　(14) Management expenses: calculated at 5% of sales revenue

　　（15）不可预见费：杉原木18元/m3，杉综合15元/m3

　　(15) Unforeseeable expenses: 18 yuan/m3 for fir logs, 15 yuan/m3 for fir comprehensive expenses

　　（16）增值税：以起征价的6%计

　　(16) Value added tax: calculated at 6% of the starting price

　　（17）城建税、教育附加合计：以增值税的8%计

　　(17) Total urban construction tax and education surcharge: calculated at 8% of value-added tax

　　解：预测主伐时蓄积量M=mn×Mu/Mn=135×300/150=270 m3

　　Solution: Predicting the storage volume during main logging M=mn × Mu/Mn=135 × 300/150=270 m3

　　主伐时杉原木纯收入A1=W-C-F-D=900-140-600×20.2%-48-15-10-900×5%-18-750×6%×

　　During the main logging, the net income of Sugihara wood was A1=W-C-F-D=900-140-600 × 20.2% -48-15-10-900 × 5% -18-750 × 6%

　　(1+0.08) =454.2元/m3

　　(1+0.08)=454.2 yuan/m3

　　主伐时杉综合材纯收入A2=W-C-F-D=750-140-300×20.2%-33.6-12-10-750×5%-15-550×6%×

　　During the main logging season, the net income of fir comprehensive timber is A2=W-C-F-D=750-140-300 × 20.2% -33.6-12-10-750 × 5% -15-550 × 6%

　　(1+0.08) =405.7元/m3

　　(1+0.08)=405.7 yuan/m3

　　现在至主伐期间的营林管护成本合计

　　The total cost of forest management and protection from now until the main logging period

　　由此可计算其总评估值为

　　From this, the total evaluation value can be calculated as

　　E=S×M×(f1×A1+f2×A2)/1.06(26-14)-S×T=10×270×(0.25×454.2+0.45×405.7)/1.06(26-14)-10×755=389821元

　　E=S x M x (f1 x A1+f2 x A2)/1.06 (26-14) - S x T=10 x 270 x (0.25 x 454.2+0.45 x 405.7)/1.06 (26-14) -10 x 755=389821 yuan

　　故该杉木中龄林评估值为389821元

　　Therefore, the assessed value of the middle-aged Chinese fir forest is 389821 yuan

　　六、重置成本法

　　6、 Reset cost method

　　重置成本法是按现时条件下重新购置或建造一个全新状态的被评估资产所需要的全部成本，减去被评估资产已经发生的实体性贬值、功能性贬值和经济性贬值，得到的差额作为被评估资产价值的一种评估方法。

　　The reset cost method is an evaluation method that takes into account the total cost required to repurchase or construct a brand new asset under current conditions, minus the physical depreciation, functional depreciation, and economic depreciation that have already occurred, and obtains the difference as the value of the evaluated asset.

　　在森林资源资产的评估中，重置成本法是按现时的工价及生产水平，重新营造一块与被评估森林资源资产相类似的资产所需的成本费用，作为被评估资源资产的评估值。其计算公式为：

　　In the evaluation of forest resource assets, the reset cost method is the cost of creating a new asset similar to the evaluated forest resource asset based on the current labor price and production level, as the evaluation value of the evaluated resource asset. The calculation formula is:

　　式中：En——n年生林木资源资产评估值；

　　In the formula: En - evaluation value of forest resource assets at n years old;

　　Ct——第t年的以现行工价及生产水平为标准的生产成本（年初投入）；

　　Ct - Production cost based on current labor prices and production levels in year t (input at the beginning of the year);

　　i——投资收益率；

　　I - Investment return rate;

　　n——林分的年龄；

　　N - age of the forest stand;

　　K——林分质量调整系数。

　　K - Forest quality adjustment coefficient.

　　在用材林经营过程中，造林成本的投入在短期内得不到回报，营林成本的不断投入，所营造的林分在不断生长，林分的蓄积在积累增加，资产的价值在升高。用材林的经营中，在其主伐以前长达一二十年以至数十年的时间内，森林经营仅有少量的间伐收入，其收入远低于投入，直到主伐时才一次性得到回报。

　　In the process of managing timber forests, the investment in afforestation costs does not yield returns in the short term. The continuous investment in forest management costs results in the continuous growth of the forest stands, the accumulation of forest stock, and the increase in asset value. In the management of timber forests, for a period of ten to twenty years or even decades before the main logging, forest management only generates a small amount of income from thinning, which is much lower than the input, and only receives a one-time return during the main logging.

　　根据用材林的经营特点，其重置成本法与一般资产的重置成本法有三大区别：

　　According to the management characteristics of timber forests, there are three major differences between the reset cost method and the general asset reset cost method:

　　1、森林资源资产的重置成本法必须按投资收益率计算复利

　　1. The reset cost method for forest resource assets must calculate compound interest based on the investment return rate

　　在用材林经营中其资产的建造期长达数十年，在这期间经营基本上没有收益（或仅有少量收益），只有不断地支出。资金占用的时间很长，资金的占用必然要求支付资金的占用费——利息。在市场经济环境下长期的资金占用必须计算复利。

　　In timber forest management, the construction period of its assets can last for decades, during which there is basically no income (or only a small amount of income) from the operation, only continuous expenditure. The occupation of funds takes a long time, and the occupation of funds inevitably requires payment of the occupation fee - interest. Long term capital occupation in a market economy environment must be calculated with compound interest.

　　2、用材林资产的重置成本法不存在成新率的问题

　　2. The reset cost method for timber forest assets does not have the problem of depreciation rate

　　用材林的经营过程中，资产的使用仅形成资本的累积，使用过程中没有收益或很少收益，资产的价值一直增加，要到主伐时才一次性收回。因此，在用材林的重置成本法中一般不存在着用材林资产的折旧问题，也就不存在成新率。

　　In the management process of timber forests, the use of assets only forms the accumulation of capital, with no or very little income during the use process. The value of assets continues to increase and is only recovered in one go when the main logging is carried out. Therefore, in the reset cost method of timber forests, there is generally no issue of depreciation of timber forest assets, and therefore there is no depreciation rate.

　　3、用材林资产重置成本法中的调整系数

　　3. Adjustment coefficient in the reset cost method of timber forest assets

　　用材林的林分的质量差异较大，其重置成本是指社会平均劳动的平均重置值。其林分的质量是以当地平均的生产水平为标准。但各块林分由于经营管理水平的不同，与平均水平的林分存在差异，因此，各块林分的价值必须用林分质量调整系数进行调整。

　　The quality of timber stands varies greatly, and their replacement cost refers to the average replacement value of social average labor. The quality of its forest stands is based on the local average production level. However, due to differences in management levels, there are differences between each forest stand and the average level of forest stands. Therefore, the value of each forest stand must be adjusted using the forest stand quality adjustment coefficient.

　　在森林经营中经济林经营的状况又与用材林不同，经济林在营造成林进入盛产期后，其每年均有一定的产出，而且存在着经济寿命期。因此，经济林资源资产评估中的重置成本法又与用材林资产评估，以及一般资产评估不同。其主要区别是：

　　In forest management, the situation of economic forest management is different from that of timber forest. After the economic forest enters its peak production period, it has a certain output every year and has an economic lifespan. Therefore, the reset cost method in the evaluation of economic forest resource assets is different from the evaluation of timber forest assets and general asset evaluations. The main difference is:

　　1、经济林资源资产评估中的重置成本法必须扣除年度的收益

　　1. The reset cost method in the evaluation of economic forest resource assets must deduct the annual income

　　经济林进入始产期后，开始少量产出其经济林产品并逐年增加，其当年的投入成本已不完全是投资成本，而包含了部分经营成本。经营成本形成了经济林产品，产生了经济收益。在重置成本中扣除经营成本，即将当年的收益（Au）作为经营成本扣除。其公式

　　After the economic forest enters its initial production period, it begins to produce a small amount of its economic forest products and increases year by year. Its input cost for that year is no longer entirely investment cost, but includes some operating costs. The operating costs form economic forest products, generating economic benefits. Deducting operating costs from reset costs, i.e. deducting the current year's revenue (Au) as operating costs. Its formula

　　2、经济林资源资产评估中的重置成本法必须确定重置期限（营造的年限）

　　2. The reset cost method in the evaluation of economic forest resource assets must determine the reset period (the years of construction)

　　经济林进入盛产期后，开始大量产出其经济林产品，其年度的收入大大超出年度的成本投入，但在这个阶段前，成本投入很多，收益很少，甚至没有收益。因此这一阶段前可以认为是该项资产的营造期（即重置期）。其重置成本的计算最多仅能计算至营造期末，达到重置成本的最高值作为重置全价，年龄继续增加，公式重置成本将下降。由于经济林营造期也长达数年，因此，其重置成本的计算也要计算复利。

　　After entering its peak production period, the economic forest begins to produce a large amount of its economic forest products, and its annual income greatly exceeds the annual cost input. However, before this stage, there is a lot of cost input and little or no benefit. Therefore, this stage can be considered as the creation period (i.e. reset period) of the asset. The calculation of its reset cost can only be calculated up to the end of the construction period, reaching the highest value of the reset cost as the full reset price. As the age continues to increase, the formula for reset cost will decrease. Due to the long-term construction period of economic forests, the calculation of their replacement cost also needs to include compound interest.

　　3、经济林资源资产评估中的重置成本存在着成新率问题

　　3. There is a problem of renewal rate in the reset cost of economic forest resource asset evaluation

　　由于在盛产期中经济林有较高的产出，过了盛产期其产量就明显下降，以至收不抵支。它存在着经营寿命问题。因此，经济林资源资产存在着各种类似的实体性贬值、功能性贬值，可以也应当测算其成新率，其成新率计算公式为：

　　Due to the high output of economic forests during the peak production period, their output significantly decreases after the peak production period, resulting in insufficient income to cover expenses. It has a lifespan issue. Therefore, there are various similar physical and functional depreciation of economic forest resource assets, and their depreciation rate can and should be calculated. The formula for calculating their depreciation rate is:

　　成新率=l－已收获的年限÷盛产期的年限

　　Newness rate=l - years harvested ÷ years of high production period

　　在森林资源资产的评估中，重置成本法主要适用于幼龄林阶段资产的评估。

　　In the assessment of forest resource assets, the reset cost method is mainly applicable to the evaluation of assets in the young forest stage.

　　在实际操作中，评估的关键是确定林分质量调整系数和功能性贬值调整系数。

　　In practical operation, the key to evaluation is to determine the forest quality adjustment coefficient and the functional depreciation adjustment coefficient.

　　林分质量调整系数通常由株数调整系数、树高调整系数和蓄积量调整系数综合构成。

　　The forest quality adjustment coefficient is usually composed of a combination of plant number adjustment coefficient, tree height adjustment coefficient, and volume adjustment coefficient.

　　①株数调整系数K1

　　① Number of plants adjustment coefficient K1

　　株数保存率是衡量林分造林质量的重要指标：

　　The preservation rate of plant number is an important indicator for measuring the quality of afforestation in forest stands:

　　株数保存率（r）=林地实有保存株数/造林设计株数

　　Number of trees preserved rate (r)=actual number of preserved trees in forest land/number of trees designed for afforestation

　　按《森林资源资产评估技术规范（试行）》规定：在幼龄林（未成林造林地幼树）的评估中，当r≥85%，K1=1；当r＜85%，K1=r。

　　According to the Technical Specifications for Forest Resource Asset Evaluation (Trial), in the evaluation of young forests (young trees in undeveloped forest land), when r ≥ 85%, K1=1; When r<85%, K1=r.

　　根据生产的实际情况，在未成林造林地中，如果保留株数少于40%，一般认为造林失败，必须重造，而且重造的成本并不比初次造林成本低，因此，在未成林造林地中当r≤40%时，K1=0。

　　According to the actual production situation, if the number of trees retained in the unformed forest land is less than 40%, it is generally considered that afforestation has failed and must be rebuilt. Moreover, the cost of rebuilding is not lower than that of initial afforestation. Therefore, when r ≤ 40% in unformed forest land, K1=0。

　　在幼龄林阶段中后期，林分一般已郁闭，如果株数少于40%，但林木的分布均匀，有成林希望，这时K1不能等于零，可以等于r，也可以根据最终的保留株数和现实株数的比值综合确定。

　　In the middle and later stages of the young forest stage, the stand is generally closed. If the number of trees is less than 40%, but the distribution of trees is uniform and there is hope for afforestation, then K1 cannot be equal to zero, it can be equal to r, or it can be determined comprehensively based on the ratio of the final number of preserved trees to the actual number of trees.

　　②树高调整系数K2

　　② Tree height adjustment coefficient K2

　　按《森林资源资产评估技术规范（试行）》规定：

　　According to the Technical Specifications for Forest Resource Asset Evaluation (Trial):

　　确定树高调整系数的关键在于寻找合适的参照林分的平均树高。通用的做法是选择适合评估地区的各树种幼龄树高平均生长过程表，拟合树高平均生长方程，测算评估年度的平均树高作为参照林分的标准平均树高。若无法得到合适的生长过程，可采用各地进行造林验收时使用的各年龄参照林分的标准平均树高，也可采用评估资产所在地区或近邻地区的世界银行项目的速生丰产林各年龄平均树高的测定值拟合的方程来预测评估年度的平均树高（但重置成本应以世界银行项目的速生丰产林的投资标准）。评估实际操作中，由于林分质量参差不齐，也由于人工抚育措施的不同，例如以壮苗或挖大穴施肥等导致在幼龄时的树高大于标准平均树高，这时应用平均造林成本进行重置成本计算时，其成本就要大大高于重置造林成本，则其调整系数应该大大高于1，而根据中国林业科学研究院的研究成果表明，这种幼龄林因经营措施造成的超高状况，并不会对将来的蓄积量收获产生等比例的促进作用。因而，不能简单地将hr作为K2的取值，为此应进行必要的调整；当树高低于标准平均树高则K2=hr。

　　The key to determining the tree height adjustment coefficient is to find a suitable average tree height for the reference forest stand. The common practice is to select the average growth process table of young tree species suitable for the evaluation area, fit the average growth equation of tree height, and calculate the average tree height of the evaluation year as the standard average tree height of the reference forest stand. If a suitable growth process cannot be obtained, the standard average tree height of each age reference forest used for afforestation acceptance in various regions can be used, or an equation fitted with the measured values of the average tree height of each age of the World Bank project's fast-growing and high-yield forest in the area where the asset is located or nearby areas can be used to predict the average tree height for the evaluation year (but the reset cost should be based on the investment standard of the World Bank project's fast-growing and high-yield forest). In practical operation, due to the uneven quality of forest stands and different artificial nurturing measures, such as using strong seedlings or digging large holes for fertilization, the tree height at a young age is higher than the standard average tree height. When calculating the reset cost using the average afforestation cost, the cost should be much higher than the reset afforestation cost, and the adjustment coefficient should be much higher than 1. According to the research results of the Chinese Academy of Forestry, the super-high condition caused by management measures in this young forest will not have a proportional promoting effect on future accumulation and harvest. Therefore, it is not possible to simply use hr as the value of K2, and necessary adjustments should be made accordingly; When the tree height is lower than the standard average tree height, K2=hr.

　　③蓄积量调整系数K3

　　③ Accumulation adjustment coefficient K3

　　对于已郁闭成林的幼龄林，尤其是对年龄较大或处于幼龄末期的幼龄林林分，其调查中已有一定的蓄积量，对于将来而言，其影响因素已由考虑其是否郁闭成林逐渐向具有多少的蓄积量转变。同时由于林分质量、木材市场价格及市场物价指数等因素的影响，还要考虑幼龄林评估价值与中龄林的评估价值平稳过渡。故对于处于幼龄林末期的林分引进蓄积量调整系数予以调整，其调整系数为：

　　For young forests that have already been closed down, especially those that are older or in the late stages of youth, there is already a certain amount of accumulation in their investigation. For the future, the influencing factors have gradually shifted from considering whether they have been closed down to how much accumulation they have. At the same time, due to factors such as forest quality, timber market prices, and market price indices, it is also necessary to consider the smooth transition between the assessed value of young forests and middle-aged forests. Therefore, the adjustment coefficient for the introduced volume of forest stands in the late stage of young forest is adjusted, and the adjustment coefficient is:

　　应当注意的是造成中幼林评估值过渡差异的一个重要原因是林分质量，当排除林分质量不正常因素后，其中幼龄林的评估值仍可能存在的差异部分应归因于评估方法上的差异，中龄林评估立足于收益角度采用收获现值法，并以蓄积量调整与胸径调整为主。而幼龄林评估则立足于成本角度，为了便于中幼林评估值之间的可比性，这时使用蓄积量调整系数而不再采用株数及树高调整系数，即K=K3，反之，K=K1×K2。

　　It should be noted that one important reason for the transitional differences in the evaluation values of young and middle-aged forests is the quality of the forest stands. After excluding abnormal factors in forest stand quality, the possible differences in the evaluation values of young forests should be attributed to differences in evaluation methods. The evaluation of middle-aged forests is based on the perspective of income and adopts the present value of harvest method, with volume adjustment and breast height diameter adjustment as the main methods. The evaluation of young forests is based on a cost perspective. In order to facilitate comparability between the evaluation values of young and middle-aged forests, the volume adjustment coefficient is used instead of the number and height adjustment coefficients, that is, K=K3. Conversely, K=K1 × K2.

　　功能性贬值调整系数：应用重置成本法对幼龄林进行评估，由于用材林经营周期很长，常达数十年之久，幼龄林阶段也常在十年以上，故其投资幼龄林阶段，短期内无法获取回报，因此，林分的实体性贬值和经济性贬值较难计算，而事实上在林分质量调整中已考虑了林分的实体性贬值。在森林经营中由于存在着技术进步的问题，尤其是对于成熟期长达数十年以上的林木资源资产，在其生长过程中可能就存在技术进步，从而形成资产的功能性贬值，故在评估中须考虑其功能性的贬值。

　　Functional depreciation adjustment coefficient: The reset cost method is applied to evaluate young forests. Due to the long operating cycle of timber forests, often lasting for decades, and the young forest stage often lasting more than ten years, investing in the young forest stage cannot yield returns in the short term. Therefore, it is difficult to calculate the physical and economic depreciation of the forest stand. In fact, the physical depreciation of the forest stand has been considered in the quality adjustment of the forest stand. In forest management, due to the issue of technological progress, especially for mature forest resource assets that have been mature for decades or more, there may be technological progress during their growth process, resulting in functional depreciation of assets. Therefore, the depreciation of their functionality must be considered in the evaluation.

　　功能性贬值是指由于技术相对落后造成的贬值。测算功能性贬值是根据资产的效用、工耗、物耗、能耗水平等功能方面的差异造成的成本增加和效益降低，确定相应的贬值。在林木的生产经营中存在着技术进步，故存在着相对而言的技术落后。以福建省造林标准为例，过去，福建省各地造林均按旧的造林标准执行（挖大穴，密植），随着造林技术研究的深入，新的造林标准在挖穴规格、造林密度上均比原来小。这种培育制度的改变会降低营林成本，但不影响最终的产量。传统营林技术及其他主客观的影响，目前各地在执行造林标准时仍有不少是采用旧的造林标准，包括世行贷款造林标准亦是如此，这种由于新技术的产生而导致旧造林标准的额外造林成本就构成了功能性贬值。

　　Functional depreciation refers to the depreciation caused by relatively backward technology. The calculation of functional depreciation is based on the cost increase and benefit decrease caused by differences in asset utility, labor consumption, material consumption, energy consumption level and other functional aspects, and determines the corresponding depreciation. There is technological progress in the production and operation of forest trees, so there is a relatively backward technology. Taking the afforestation standards in Fujian Province as an example, in the past, afforestation in various regions of Fujian Province was carried out according to the old afforestation standards (digging large holes and planting densely). With the deepening of afforestation technology research, the new afforestation standards are smaller in digging hole specifications and afforestation density than before. This change in cultivation system will reduce the cost of forest management, but it will not affect the final yield. Due to the influence of traditional afforestation techniques and other subjective and objective factors, many regions still adopt old afforestation standards when implementing afforestation standards, including the World Bank loan afforestation standards. This additional afforestation cost caused by the emergence of new technologies constitutes functional depreciation of the old afforestation standards.

　　在用材林幼龄林资源资产评估中所涉及的主要是各营林工序的成本，而发生功能性贬值的林分往往是在前几年以旧的营林技术所营造的林分，在现实评估中由于营林技术的提高产生功能性贬值，故根据资产评估学功能性贬值的计算。

　　The main factors involved in the asset assessment of young timber forest resources are the costs of various forest management processes, and the forest stands that experience functional depreciation are often those created with old forest management techniques in the previous years. In practical assessments, functional depreciation occurs due to the improvement of forest management techniques, so the calculation of functional depreciation is based on asset assessment.

　　功能性贬值额=∑（待评估资产年净超额营林成本×折现系数）

　　Functional depreciation amount=∑ (annual net excess afforestation cost of assets to be evaluated multiplied by discount coefficient)

　　对于一般性资产评估其折现系数的计算关键在于被评估资产的剩余使用年限的估计。而对幼龄林评估则是在现时对照过去所营造的林分进行评估，故其评估时的使用年限为各营造林工序与幼龄林龄组上限的距离。故上式可改写为：

　　The key to calculating the discount coefficient for general asset valuation lies in estimating the remaining useful life of the evaluated asset. The evaluation of young forests is based on comparing the current forest stands with those created in the past, so the service life of the evaluation is the distance between each afforestation process and the upper limit of the young forest age group. Therefore, the above formula can be rewritten as:

　　式中：q——功能性贬值率；

　　In the formula: q - functional depreciation rate;

　　——现时经营各树种幼龄林龄组上限；

　　——At present, the upper limit of the age group for operating young forests of various tree species;

　　——旧营造林标准各年单位面积投资额；

　　——The standard for afforestation in old camps is the annual investment per unit area;

　　——新营造林标准各年单位面积投资额。

　　——The standard for afforestation in Xinying is the annual investment per unit area.

　　例5-2：某小班面积为10hm2，林分年龄为4年，平均高2.7m，株数2400株/hm2，要求用重置成本法评估其价值。

　　Example 5-2: A small group with an area of 10 hectares, a forest age of 4 years, an average height of 2.7 meters, and 2400 plants per hectare is required to be evaluated for its value using the reset cost method.

　　据调查，在评估基准日时，该地区第一年造林投资（含林地清理、挖穴和幼林抚育）为5250元/hm2，第二和第三年投资为1800元/hm2，第四年投资为900元/hm2，投资收益率为6%。按当地平均水平，造林株数为2550株/hm2，成活率要求为85%，4年林分的平均高为3m。

　　According to the survey, on the benchmark date of evaluation, the first year's afforestation investment (including forest clearing, digging holes, and young forest nurturing) in the area was 5250 yuan/hm2, the second and third year's investment was 1800 yuan/hm2, and the fourth year's investment was 900 yuan/hm2, with an investment return rate of 6%. According to the local average level, the number of afforestation plants is 2550 per hectare, with a survival rate requirement of 85%. The average height of the forest stand over 4 years is 3m.

　　解：已知n=4，C1=5250元/hm2，C2=1800元/hm2，C3=1800元/hm2，C4=900元/hm2，i=6%

　　Solution: Given n=4, C1=5250 yuan/hm2, C2=1800 yuan/hm2, C3=1800 yuan/hm2, C4=900 yuan/hm2, i=6%

　　∵该小班林木成活率=2400株/hm2÷2550株/hm2=0.94（即94%）＞85%

　　The survival rate of trees in this small group is 2400 plants/hm2 ÷ 2550 plants/hm2=0.94 (i.e. 94%)>85%

　　∴K1=1

　　∴K1=1

　　K2=2.7m÷3m =0.9

　　K2=2.7m÷3m =0.9

　　七、序列需工数法

　　7、 Sequential work method

　　序列需工数法是以现行工价（含料、工、费）和森林经营中各工序的需工数估算被评估森林资源资产的评估值。其计算公式为：

　　The sequential labor method estimates the assessed value of forest resource assets based on the current labor price (including materials, labor, and costs) and the labor required for each process in forest management. The calculation formula is:

　　式中：En——n年生林木资源资产评估值；

　　In the formula: En - evaluation value of forest resource assets at n years old;

　　Nt——第t年需工数；

　　Nt - the required number of workers in the t-th year;

　　t——投资序列年份；

　　T - Investment sequence year;

　　B——评估时的日工价（含管理费及材料损耗费用）；

　　B - Daily labor cost during evaluation (including management fees and material loss costs);

　　i——投资收益率；

　　I - Investment return rate;

　　R——年林地使用费；

　　R - Annual forest land use fee;

　　K——调整系数。

　　K - Adjustment coefficient.

　　序列需工数法是林木资源资产评估中特殊的重置成本方法。因为林木培育是劳动密集型行业，林木培育投入主要是劳动力的投入。将少量的物质材料费和合理费用计入工价中，直接用工数来求算除地租外的重置成本，这较一般的重置成本法计算更为简单、方便。

　　The sequential labor method is a special reset cost method in the evaluation of forest resource assets. Because forest cultivation is a labor-intensive industry, the main investment in forest cultivation is labor input. Including a small amount of material costs and reasonable expenses in the labor price, and directly calculating the replacement cost excluding land rent based on the number of employees, is simpler and more convenient than the general replacement cost method.

　　在部分地区，林地的地租不是每年交纳，而是在主伐时根据林地上所生产的木材和数量按照规定的林价比例交纳，这时采用重置成本法无须考虑地租成本（经营者在经营过程中未付出地租，待主伐时一次付清）。这种采用序列需工数法计算重置成本更为简单。

　　In some areas, the land rent for forest land is not paid annually, but is paid according to the prescribed forest price ratio based on the amount and quantity of wood produced on the forest land during the main logging. In this case, the reset cost method does not need to consider the land rent cost (if the operator does not pay the land rent during the operation process, it will be paid in full at the time of the main logging). This method of calculating reset costs using the sequential labor method is simpler.

　　采用序列需工数法的关键问题：一是确定各个工序的工数，二是确定工价。在确定工价时必须包括各种物质的耗费、管理费和人工费，而不是单纯的工人日工资，而这些费用都是按评估基准日时的物价水平确定的，费用的收集和测算都较为麻烦，在评估中很少使用该方法。

　　The key issues in using the sequential labor method are: firstly, determining the number of labor for each process, and secondly, determining the labor cost. When determining the labor price, it is necessary to include various material costs, management fees, and labor costs, rather than simply the daily wage of workers. These costs are determined based on the price level on the evaluation reference date, and the collection and calculation of costs are relatively complicated. This method is rarely used in evaluations.

　　异龄林林木资源资产评估方法及参数的选定

　　Selection of Evaluation Methods and Parameters for Forest Resource Assets of Different Age Forests

　　根据异龄林资源资产特点，异龄林林木资源资产评估测算只能用收益现值法和现行市价法，不能用各类成本法和市场价倒算法，因为现有异龄林多数为天然异龄林，其投资成本难以确定，就是人工营造的异龄林，因其营造年限很长，在营造过程中，营林成本、木材生产成本难以分清，更增加了其成本测算的难度，使各重置成本法难以应用。在异龄林中可以采伐的仅部分林木，而大部分是充满生机的中、小径的中龄、幼龄林木，这部分林木是不能应用市场价倒算法进行测算的。

　　According to the characteristics of heterogeneous forest resource assets, the evaluation and calculation of heterogeneous forest resource assets can only use the present value of income method and the current market price method, and cannot use various cost methods and market price inversion algorithms. This is because most of the existing heterogeneous forests are natural heterogeneous forests, and their investment costs are difficult to determine. They are artificially constructed heterogeneous forests, and due to their long construction period, it is difficult to distinguish between forest management costs and wood production costs during the construction process, which increases the difficulty of cost calculation and makes it difficult to apply various reset cost methods. Only a portion of the trees that can be harvested in forests of different ages, while the majority are vibrant middle-aged and young trees with medium and small paths, which cannot be calculated using the market price inversion algorithm.

　　1、收益现值法

　　1. Present value of earnings method

　　异龄林资源资产的特点，决定了林地和林木的价值无法单独测算。异龄林资源资产中包含有两种永久性的生产资本：一个是林地，就是生长着异龄林的土地及其环境，它是林木生长的基础；另一个是林地上保留的立木蓄积量。异龄林林木根据择伐周期的长短定期产生收获和收入。由于收入是定期取得的，因此，异龄林可按一连续系列的择伐周期的择伐收入计算其资产价值，即一系列择伐收入的净现值。

　　The characteristics of inter aged forest resource assets determine that the value of forest land and trees cannot be measured separately. There are two types of permanent production capital included in the assets of inter aged forests: one is forest land, which is the land and its environment where inter aged forests grow, and it is the foundation for forest growth; The other is the amount of standing timber reserved on forest land. Different aged forest trees produce regular harvests and income based on the length of the selective cutting cycle. Due to the fact that income is obtained regularly, the asset value of a forest of different ages can be calculated based on the net present value of a series of selective felling income over a continuous series of selective felling cycles.

　　（1）刚择伐后异龄林林木资源资产评估

　　(1) Assessment of Forest Resource Assets in Unequal Age Forests after Selective Harvesting

　　对刚择伐后的异龄林林木资源资产的收益现值，计算公式为：

　　The formula for calculating the present value of income of forest resources assets of different age forests after selective logging is:

　　式中：E——异龄林资源资产评估值（含林地资源资产价值）；

　　In the formula: E - Evaluation value of inter aged forest resource assets (including forest resource asset value);

　　Aw——择伐周期末择伐的纯收入；

　　Aw - Net income from selective logging at the end of the logging cycle;

　　w——择伐周期；

　　W - selective cutting cycle;

　　i——投资收益率；

　　I - Investment return rate;

　　V——年管护费用。

　　V - Annual management and maintenance expenses.

　　在求得异龄林资源资产评估值后，按照当地的习惯、经验和林地的状况确定的林木和林地各占份额度来确定比例系数。将评估值乘上林木的比例系数，就得到异龄林林木资源资产评估值。公式为：

　　After obtaining the asset evaluation value of inter aged forest resources, the proportion coefficient is determined based on the local customs, experience, and the condition of the forest land to determine the respective proportions of trees and forest land. Multiplying the evaluation value by the proportion coefficient of the trees yields the asset evaluation value of forest resources in different age forests. The formula is:

　　式中：K——林木资源资产所占的份额系数。

　　In the formula: K - the coefficient of the share of forest resource assets.

　　（2）择伐n年后异龄林林木资源资产评估

　　(2) Assessment of Forest Resource Assets of Different Age Forests after Selective Harvesting for n Years

　　在异龄林中，择伐后随着林分逐渐接近下一次择伐，林分的蓄积量在增长，林分的价值在增加，假设异龄林林木资源资产每个择伐期末的择伐纯收入相同，此时择伐n年后异龄林林木资源资产评估值可用下次择伐时的林木资源资产评估值的折现值加上择伐时的纯收入的折现值扣除评估时到下次择伐前间隔期内所付出的成本前价来确定。其计算公式为：

　　In a forest of different ages, as the stand approaches the next selection, the volume of the stand increases and the value of the stand increases. Assuming that the net income of the forest resource assets at the end of each selection period is the same, the evaluation value of the forest resource assets in the forest of different ages after n years of selection can be determined by adding the discounted value of the forest resource asset evaluation value at the next selection period and the discounted value of the net income at the selection period, minus the cost price paid during the interval from the evaluation to the next selection period. The calculation formula is:

　　式中：En——择伐n年后的异龄林林分的林木评估值。

　　In the formula: En - the evaluation value of trees in different aged forest stands after n years of selective logging.

　　例5-4：某一异龄林小班面积为10hm2，择伐周期为10年，择伐强度为20%，择伐时小班的平均蓄积为300m3/hm2，出材率为70%，其中出材的50%是大径材原木，30％为中径原木，20%为小径和非规格材，由于口径较大，平均每m3木材均可获纯收入450元，每年分摊的管护费为90元/hm2，投资收益率为6%。根据当地经营林价中山价（地租）所占的份额、小班林地的立地条件和地利等级，确定其林木在总价值中所占的份额为70%，即K=0.7。分别求刚择伐后和已择伐6年后林木资源资产的评估值。

　　Example 5-4: The area of a small group of different age forests is 10 hectares, with a selective cutting cycle of 10 years and a selective cutting intensity of 20%. The average accumulation of the small group during selective cutting is 300m3/hm2, and the yield rate is 70%. Among them, 50% of the yield is large-diameter logs, 30% is medium diameter logs, and 20% is small-diameter and non-standard logs. Due to the large diameter, an average net income of 450 yuan can be obtained per m3 of wood, and the annual shared management and maintenance fee is 90 yuan/hm2, with an investment return rate of 6%. Based on the local forest management price, land rent, site conditions, and land use grade of the small forest land, it is determined that the forest trees account for 70% of the total value, i.e. K=0.7. Calculate the evaluation values of forest resource assets after just selected logging and after 6 years of selected logging.

　　解：（1）刚择伐后异龄林林木资源资产评估值

　　Solution: (1) Assessment value of forest resource assets of different age forests after selective logging

　　该小班刚择伐后的林木资源资产评估值为156790元。

　　The assessed value of the newly selected forest resources assets in this small group is 156790 yuan.

　　（2）择伐6年后异龄林林木资源资产评估值

　　(2) Assessment value of forest resource assets of different age forests after 6 years of selective logging

　　该小班刚择伐后的林木资源资产评估值为226800元。

　　The assessed value of the newly selected forest resources assets in this small group is 226800 yuan.

　　三、异龄林林木资源资产评估中必须注意的问题

　　3、 Issues that must be noted in the asset evaluation of forest resources in different age forests

　　在异龄林林木资源资产评估中，由于异龄林结构与经营特殊性，必须注意下列若干问题：

　　In the evaluation of forest resources assets in different age forests, due to the special structure and management of different age forests, the following issues must be noted:

　　1、择伐周期的确定

　　1. Determination of selection cycle

　　在异龄林经营中，采伐符合一定尺寸的林木后，林分通过其保留木的继续生长，其蓄积量恢复到择伐前的水平可再次择伐利用的经营期称为择伐周期。择伐周期不同于轮伐期，它的时间一般较短，多在10～20年，少的只有6～7年、它的长短主要与择伐的强度和择伐后林木的平均生长率有关。确定林分的蓄积量平均生长率较为困难，因为择伐后林分各年的蓄积量平均生长率是不同的，择伐后头一两年最大，尔后逐年下降。其平均生长率仅能利用调查的材料，求出一个大致的平均数，用来求算择伐周期。

　　In the management of inter aged forests, after harvesting trees that meet a certain size, the management period during which the forest can be selectively harvested and utilized again through the continued growth of its retained trees and the restoration of its stock volume to the level before selective logging is called the selective logging cycle. The selection period is different from the rotation period. Its duration is generally shorter, mostly between 10-20 years, and as little as 6-7 years. Its length is mainly related to the intensity of selection and the average growth rate of the trees after selection. It is difficult to determine the average growth rate of forest stock, as the average growth rate of forest stock varies from year to year after selective logging. The highest growth rate occurs in the first one to two years after selective logging, and then decreases year by year thereafter. The average growth rate can only be calculated using survey materials to obtain a rough average for determining the selection period.

　　2、择伐强度的确定

　　2. Determination of selection intensity

　　择伐强度是异龄林经营中重要的技术经济指标，它直接影响了择伐周期的长短和每次择伐的木材产量、质量及生产成本，直接影响了其评估值，择伐强度是有法规限定其最高值的。在我国择伐的强度不允许超过40％，一般以20～30％为佳。在经营集约的地方，一般择伐强度较小，择伐周期短，生产成本稍高，择伐出的大径木比例大。在经营粗放的地方择伐强度大，择伐周期长，木材生产成本稍低，择伐出的中小径木比例大。

　　The intensity of selective logging is an important technical and economic indicator in the management of forests of different ages. It directly affects the length of the selective logging cycle, the yield, quality, and production cost of each selective logging, and directly affects its evaluation value. The maximum value of selective logging intensity is limited by regulations. In China, the intensity of selective logging is not allowed to exceed 40%, and generally 20-30% is preferred. In areas with intensive management, the intensity of selective felling is generally low, the selective felling cycle is short, the production cost is slightly higher, and the proportion of large-diameter trees harvested by selective felling is higher. In areas with extensive management, the intensity of selective logging is high, the selective logging cycle is long, the production cost of wood is slightly lower, and the proportion of small and medium diameter wood produced by selective logging is high.

　　在生产中一般先确定其保留木蓄积，再根据林分的状态确定其择伐强度，它允许在一定范围内调整。在评估时择伐强度一般要根据法规的要求，林分生长的实际状态，当地的经营习惯和经营水平综合确定。必须注意的一个问题是：择伐时主伐的林木必须含损伤部分中小径木，这部分林木也必须进行采伐。因此，择伐强度计算中，择伐的对象不仅仅是合符采伐尺寸的林木，它还包括被损伤或其他原因而必须被采伐的小中径林木。

　　In production, the reserved timber volume is generally determined first, and then the selective cutting intensity is determined based on the state of the forest stand, which allows for adjustment within a certain range. When evaluating, the intensity of selective logging should generally be determined based on the requirements of regulations, the actual state of forest growth, local management habits, and management level. One issue that must be noted is that during selective cutting, the main trees to be cut must include damaged small and medium-sized trees, which must also be harvested. Therefore, in the calculation of selective cutting intensity, the objects of selective cutting are not only trees that meet the cutting size, but also small and medium-sized trees that must be cut due to damage or other reasons.

　　3、采伐量及出材量的确定

　　3. Determination of logging volume and timber yield

　　择伐的采伐量等于择伐时林分的蓄积量乘上择伐强度。因此，在确定了强度之后，择伐蓄积量的预测关键是预测其林分在主伐时的蓄积量。在异龄林经营中目前尚无异龄林的生长过程表、收获表编制的报道。其预测相对比较困难，能够根据当地进行择伐的异龄林的平均水平，再参照林分现实的生长状况，综合进行确定。

　　The amount of selective logging is equal to the volume of the forest at the time of selective logging multiplied by the intensity of selective logging. Therefore, after determining the intensity, the key to predicting the volume of selective logging is to predict the volume of the forest stand during main logging. There are currently no reports on the compilation of growth and harvest tables for inter aged forests in management. Its prediction is relatively difficult, and it can be determined comprehensively based on the average level of selected forests of different ages in the local area and the actual growth status of the forest stand.

　　4、主伐木纯收益的确定

　　4. Determination of net income from main logging

　　异龄林的择伐中由于所择伐的林木年龄、径级一般较大，而且年轮均匀，木材的质地较好，因而木材价格较高，在评估时必须引起重视。

　　In the selective felling of forests with different ages, due to the fact that the selected trees are generally of a larger age and diameter class, with uniform annual rings and better wood texture, the price of wood is relatively high. Therefore, it must be taken seriously in the evaluation.

　　在异龄林的经营中采伐、集材必然要损伤一些中幼木，其采伐的设计和施工都较同龄林复杂，在采伐设计中既要确定主择伐木，又要确定重点的保留木。在采伐施工中既要伐除主择伐木，又要保证重点保留木在采伐时不受伤害，要求在采伐时严格控制倒木的方向，以保护重点保留木。另外，在采伐中一般分两次进行，先进行主伐，伐去主择伐木（大径木），然后再进行间伐，伐去受损伤的中小径木和其他必须被采伐的中小径木。异龄林择伐设计和施工要求较高，其木材经营的成本相对也较高，这将影响其立木的价值，在评估时必须测算择伐的生产成本，测算其主伐木的纯收益。

　　In the management of forests of different ages, logging and timber collection inevitably damage some young and middle-aged trees. The design and construction of logging are more complex than those of forests of the same age. In the logging design, it is necessary to determine both the main choice of logging and the key preserved trees. In logging construction, it is necessary to not only remove the main selected timber, but also ensure that the key preserved timber is not damaged during logging. It is required to strictly control the direction of fallen timber during logging to protect the key preserved timber. In addition, logging is generally carried out in two stages. First, the main logging is carried out to remove the main selected logging (large-diameter trees), and then the intermediate logging is carried out to remove the damaged medium and small-sized trees and other medium and small-sized trees that must be harvested. The design and construction requirements for selective logging of different age forests are relatively high, and the cost of timber management is also relatively high, which will affect the value of their standing timber. When evaluating, it is necessary to calculate the production cost of selective logging and the net income of the main logging.

　　本文由  林业资产价格评估 友情奉献.更多有关的知识请点击  http://www.jyslpg.com/   真诚的态度.为您提供为全面的服务.更多有关的知识我们将会陆续向大家奉献.敬请期待.

　　This article is dedicated to the evaluation of forestry asset prices For more related knowledge, please click http://www.jyslpg.com/ Sincere attitude To provide you with comprehensive services We will gradually contribute more relevant knowledge to everyone Coming soon.